PaperClipAI/server/src/services/instance-settings.ts

import { notifyLiveRunRecovery, notifyLiveResourceRecovery } from "./live-run-recovery-notifications.js";
import { notifyDeferredExecutionEligibility } from "./deferred-execution-notifications.js";
import { notifyRunDispatch } from "./run-dispatch-notifications.js";
import { notifyStatusCardEvaluation } from "./status-card-notifications.js";
import { notifySkillVersionRetentionReconstruction } from "./skill-version-retention-notifications.js";
import { notifyNativeEnvironmentSettlement } from "./native-environment-settlement-notifications.js";
import { notifyExternalAgentSettlement } from "../modules/external-agents/index.js";
import { notifyExternalConversationSettlement } from "./external-conversation-settlement-notifications.js";
import { notifyNativeRecoveryNotices } from "./native-recovery-notice-notifications.js";
import { notifyNativeRunProjection } from "./native-run-projection-notifications.js";
import { notifyNativeResultCommit } from "./native-result-commit-notifications.js";
import { notifyNativeWorkspaceFinalization } from "./native-workspace-finalization-notifications.js";
import { notifyCancelledWorkspacePreservation } from "./cancelled-workspace-preservation-notifications.js";
import { notifyInstructionCollection } from "./instruction-collection-notifications.js";
import { notifyDirectoryCleanup } from "./directory-cleanup-notifications.js";
import { notifyInstructionCommit } from "./instruction-commit-notifications.js";
import { notifyScheduledRetryCancellation } from "./scheduled-retry-cancellation-notifications.js";
import { notifyVoiceChange } from "./voice/voice-recovery-notifications.js";
import { notifyToolConnectionHealth } from "./tool-connection-health-notifications.js";
import { notifyExternalObjectRefresh } from "./external-object-refresh-notifications.js";
import { DELIVERY_QUEUES, notifyDeliveryWork } from "./delivery-work-notifications.js";
import type { Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
import { companies, instanceSettings } from "@paperclipai/db";

/**
 * A `Db` or an open transaction handle — the subset of query builders the
 * settings writes use. Lets `update` run inside a caller's transaction so
 * it commits atomically with a sibling write.
 */
type InstanceSettingsTransaction = Parameters<Parameters<Db["transaction"]>[0]>[0];
export type InstanceSettingsWriteDb = Pick<
  Db | InstanceSettingsTransaction,
  "select" | "insert" | "update"
>;
import {
  DEFAULT_FEEDBACK_DATA_SHARING_PREFERENCE,
  DEFAULT_BACKUP_RETENTION,
  PAPERCLIP_CLOUD_MANAGED_BY,
  instanceGeneralSettingsSchema,
  type InstanceGeneralSettings,
  instanceExperimentalSettingsSchema,
  type InstanceExperimentalSettings,
  type InstanceExperimentalSettingsWithManaged,
  type ManagedExperimentalFeatureKey,
  type ManagedSettingMetadata,
  type PatchInstanceGeneralSettings,
  type InstanceSettings,
  type PatchInstanceSettings,
  type PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings,
} from "@paperclipai/shared";
import {
  INSTANCE_FEATURE_CATALOG,
  applyOperatorGeneralDefaults,
  stripOperatorGeneralEchoes,
} from "@paperclipai/shared";
import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
import { getManagedInstanceConfig, type ManagedInstanceConfig } from "./managed-config.js";
import { getOperatorSettingDefaults } from "./setting-defaults.js";
import { isCloudStagingExperimentalSetting, isCloudStagingInstance } from "./cloud-instance.js";
import { forbidden } from "../errors.js";

const DEFAULT_SINGLETON_KEY = "default";
const instanceGeneralSettingsStorageSchema = instanceGeneralSettingsSchema.strip();
const instanceExperimentalSettingsStorageSchema = instanceExperimentalSettingsSchema.strip();
const TRUTHY_RUNTIME_ENV_VALUES = new Set(["1", "true", "yes", "on"]);

interface InstanceSettingsServiceOptions {
  runtimeEnv?: Record<string, string | undefined>;
  now?: () => Date;
}

type WorktreeRunExecutionSuppressedReason =
  | "not_worktree_runtime"
  | "flag_disabled"
  | "missing_cutoff"
  | "missing_instance_id"
  | "instance_id_mismatch"
  | "settings_read_error";

export type WorktreeRunExecutionActivationState =
  | {
      armed: true;
      cutoff: string;
      activationInstanceId: string;
      reason: null;
    }
  | {
      armed: false;
      cutoff: null;
      activationInstanceId: string | null;
      reason: WorktreeRunExecutionSuppressedReason;
    };

export function isTruthyRuntimeEnvValue(value: string | undefined) {
  return typeof value === "string" && TRUTHY_RUNTIME_ENV_VALUES.has(value.trim().toLowerCase());
}

function getRuntimeInstanceId(env: Record<string, string | undefined>) {
  const instanceId = env.PAPERCLIP_INSTANCE_ID?.trim();
  return instanceId ? instanceId : null;
}

function stripServerManagedExperimentalPatchFields(
  patch: PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings | Record<string, unknown>,
): PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings {
  const {
    worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt: _ignoredActivatedAt,
    worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId: _ignoredActivationInstanceId,
    ...patchable
  } = patch as Record<string, unknown>;
  return patchable as PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings;
}

export function applyExperimentalSettingsPatch(
  current: unknown,
  patch: PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings | Record<string, unknown>,
  options: InstanceSettingsServiceOptions = {},
): InstanceExperimentalSettings {
  const previousExperimental = normalizeExperimentalSettings(current);
  const patchable = stripServerManagedExperimentalPatchFields(patch);
  const nextExperimental = normalizeExperimentalSettings({
    ...previousExperimental,
    ...patchable,
  });
  const hasWorktreeRunExecutionPatch = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
    patchable,
    "enableWorktreeRunExecution",
  );

  if (!hasWorktreeRunExecutionPatch) {
    return nextExperimental;
  }

  if (nextExperimental.enableWorktreeRunExecution !== true) {
    return {
      ...nextExperimental,
      worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt: null,
      worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId: null,
    };
  }

  if (previousExperimental.enableWorktreeRunExecution === true) {
    return nextExperimental;
  }

  const runtimeEnv = options.runtimeEnv ?? process.env;
  if (!isTruthyRuntimeEnvValue(runtimeEnv.PAPERCLIP_IN_WORKTREE)) {
    return nextExperimental;
  }

  return {
    ...nextExperimental,
    worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt: (options.now ?? (() => new Date()))().toISOString(),
    worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId: getRuntimeInstanceId(runtimeEnv),
  };
}

function suppressWorktreeRunExecution(
  reason: WorktreeRunExecutionSuppressedReason,
  activationInstanceId: string | null = null,
): WorktreeRunExecutionActivationState {
  return {
    armed: false,
    cutoff: null,
    activationInstanceId,
    reason,
  };
}

export function resolveWorktreeRunExecutionActivation(
  experimental: InstanceExperimentalSettings,
  currentInstanceId: string | null | undefined,
): WorktreeRunExecutionActivationState {
  if (experimental.enableWorktreeRunExecution !== true) {
    return suppressWorktreeRunExecution(
      "flag_disabled",
      experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId,
    );
  }
  if (!experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt) {
    return suppressWorktreeRunExecution(
      "missing_cutoff",
      experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId,
    );
  }
  if (!currentInstanceId) {
    return suppressWorktreeRunExecution(
      "missing_instance_id",
      experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId,
    );
  }
  if (experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId !== currentInstanceId) {
    return suppressWorktreeRunExecution(
      "instance_id_mismatch",
      experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId,
    );
  }
  return {
    armed: true,
    cutoff: experimental.worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt,
    activationInstanceId: currentInstanceId,
    reason: null,
  };
}

export async function resolveWorktreeRunExecutionActivationState(options: {
  getExperimental: () => Promise<InstanceExperimentalSettings>;
  runtimeEnv?: Record<string, string | undefined>;
}): Promise<WorktreeRunExecutionActivationState> {
  const runtimeEnv = options.runtimeEnv ?? process.env;
  if (!isTruthyRuntimeEnvValue(runtimeEnv.PAPERCLIP_IN_WORKTREE)) {
    return suppressWorktreeRunExecution("not_worktree_runtime");
  }
  try {
    return resolveWorktreeRunExecutionActivation(
      await options.getExperimental(),
      getRuntimeInstanceId(runtimeEnv),
    );
  } catch {
    return suppressWorktreeRunExecution("settings_read_error");
  }
}

function normalizeGeneralSettings(raw: unknown): InstanceGeneralSettings {
  const parsed = instanceGeneralSettingsStorageSchema.safeParse(raw ?? {});
  if (parsed.success) {
    return {
      censorUsernameInLogs: parsed.data.censorUsernameInLogs ?? false,
      feedbackDataSharingPreference:
        parsed.data.feedbackDataSharingPreference ?? DEFAULT_FEEDBACK_DATA_SHARING_PREFERENCE,
      backupRetention: parsed.data.backupRetention ?? DEFAULT_BACKUP_RETENTION,
      // Absent => unrestricted; only carry through an explicit policy.
      ...(parsed.data.executionMode ? { executionMode: parsed.data.executionMode } : {}),
    };
  }
  return {
    censorUsernameInLogs: false,
    feedbackDataSharingPreference: DEFAULT_FEEDBACK_DATA_SHARING_PREFERENCE,
    backupRetention: DEFAULT_BACKUP_RETENTION,
  };
}

export function normalizeExperimentalSettings(raw: unknown): InstanceExperimentalSettings {
  const parsed = instanceExperimentalSettingsStorageSchema.safeParse(raw ?? {});
  if (parsed.success) {
    return {
      enableEnvironments: parsed.data.enableEnvironments ?? false,
      enableNativeRunner: parsed.data.enableNativeRunner ?? true,
      enableAiConnectionRouters: parsed.data.enableAiConnectionRouters ?? false,
      enableManagedSandboxOnly: parsed.data.enableManagedSandboxOnly ?? false,
      enableIsolatedWorkspaces: parsed.data.enableIsolatedWorkspaces ?? false,
      remoteWorkspaceStorageEnabled: parsed.data.remoteWorkspaceStorageEnabled ?? true,
      enableIsolatedWorkspacesByDefault: parsed.data.enableIsolatedWorkspacesByDefault ?? false,
      enableStreamlinedLeftNavigation: parsed.data.enableStreamlinedLeftNavigation ?? true,
      enableStreamlinedUi: parsed.data.enableStreamlinedUi ?? true,
      // Apps graduated from Experimental. Ignore historical off values while
      // continuing to accept the compatibility key in stored settings.
      enableApps: true,
      enableMcpAggregators: true,
      enablePublicMcp: parsed.data.enablePublicMcp ?? false,
      enableOpenAiDot: parsed.data.enableOpenAiDot ?? false,
      enableMuse: parsed.data.enableMuse ?? false,
      enableGrokBot: parsed.data.enableGrokBot ?? false,
      enableChatConnectors: parsed.data.enableChatConnectors ?? false,
      enableGitHubReviewBots: parsed.data.enableGitHubReviewBots ?? false,
      enableMemoryConnectors: parsed.data.enableMemoryConnectors ?? false,
      enablePaperclipNotebook: parsed.data.enablePaperclipNotebook ?? false,
      enableGoogleWorkspaceConnector: parsed.data.enableGoogleWorkspaceConnector ?? false,
      enableCases: parsed.data.enableCases ?? false,
      enableAgentChat: true,
      enableCombinedInboxTasks: parsed.data.enableCombinedInboxTasks ?? false,
      enableArtifactsV1: parsed.data.enableArtifactsV1 ?? true,
      enableConferenceRoomChat: parsed.data.enableConferenceRoomChat ?? false,
      enableClassicTaskInterface: parsed.data.enableClassicTaskInterface ?? false,
      enableLegacyComposerSubmit: parsed.data.enableLegacyComposerSubmit ?? false,
      enableIssuePlanDecompositions: parsed.data.enableIssuePlanDecompositions ?? false,
      enableExperimentalFileViewer: parsed.data.enableExperimentalFileViewer ?? false,
      enableExternalObjects: parsed.data.enableExternalObjects ?? false,
      enableSmokeLab: parsed.data.enableSmokeLab ?? false,
      enableBuiltInAgents: parsed.data.enableBuiltInAgents ?? false,
      enableBetaSkills: parsed.data.enableBetaSkills ?? false,
      enableSummaries: parsed.data.enableSummaries ?? false,
      enableStatusCards: parsed.data.enableStatusCards ?? false,
      enableDecisions: parsed.data.enableDecisions ?? false,
      enableFastResponses: parsed.data.enableFastResponses ?? false,
      enableGoalsSidebarLink: parsed.data.enableGoalsSidebarLink ?? false,
      enableServerInfoDebugView: parsed.data.enableServerInfoDebugView ?? false,
      enablePaperclipDeveloperMode: parsed.data.enablePaperclipDeveloperMode ?? false,
      enableSimplifiedEnglishInteractions: parsed.data.enableSimplifiedEnglishInteractions ?? false,
      enableFirstTaskPlanProposal: parsed.data.enableFirstTaskPlanProposal ?? false,
      autoRestartDevServerWhenIdle: parsed.data.autoRestartDevServerWhenIdle ?? false,
      enableWorkspaceBranchReconcileForward: parsed.data.enableWorkspaceBranchReconcileForward ?? true,
      enableWorkspaceDirtyQuarantineRepair: parsed.data.enableWorkspaceDirtyQuarantineRepair ?? true,
      enableOwnerInstanceAdmin: parsed.data.enableOwnerInstanceAdmin ?? false,
      enableSandboxDuplexBridge: parsed.data.enableSandboxDuplexBridge ?? false,
      enableRunnerPreviewIngress: parsed.data.enableRunnerPreviewIngress ?? false,
      enableWorktreeRunExecution: parsed.data.enableWorktreeRunExecution ?? false,
      worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt: parsed.data.worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt ?? null,
      worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId:
        parsed.data.worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId ?? null,
    };
  }
  return {
    enableEnvironments: false,
    enableNativeRunner: true,
    enableAiConnectionRouters: false,
    enableManagedSandboxOnly: false,
    enableIsolatedWorkspaces: false,
    // An unrelated malformed field must not erase an explicit enrollment opt-out.
    remoteWorkspaceStorageEnabled: !(
      raw !== null && typeof raw === "object" && !Array.isArray(raw)
      && "remoteWorkspaceStorageEnabled" in raw && raw.remoteWorkspaceStorageEnabled === false
    ),
    enableIsolatedWorkspacesByDefault: false,
    enableStreamlinedLeftNavigation: true,
    enableStreamlinedUi: true,
    enableApps: true,
    enableMcpAggregators: true,
    enablePublicMcp: false,
    enableOpenAiDot: false,
    enableMuse: false,
    enableGrokBot: false,
    enableChatConnectors: false,
    enableGitHubReviewBots: false,
    enableMemoryConnectors: false,
    enablePaperclipNotebook: false,
    enableGoogleWorkspaceConnector: false,
    enableCases: false,
    enableAgentChat: true,
    enableCombinedInboxTasks: false,
    enableArtifactsV1: true,
    enableConferenceRoomChat: false,
    enableClassicTaskInterface: false,
    enableLegacyComposerSubmit: false,
    enableIssuePlanDecompositions: false,
    enableExperimentalFileViewer: false,
    enableExternalObjects: false,
    enableSmokeLab: false,
    enableBuiltInAgents: false,
    enableBetaSkills: false,
    enableSummaries: false,
    enableStatusCards: false,
    enableDecisions: false,
    enableFastResponses: false,
    enableGoalsSidebarLink: false,
    enableServerInfoDebugView: false,
    enablePaperclipDeveloperMode: false,
    enableSimplifiedEnglishInteractions: false,
    enableFirstTaskPlanProposal: false,
    autoRestartDevServerWhenIdle: false,
    enableWorkspaceBranchReconcileForward: true,
    enableWorkspaceDirtyQuarantineRepair: true,
    enableOwnerInstanceAdmin: false,
    enableSandboxDuplexBridge: false,
    enableRunnerPreviewIngress: false,
    enableWorktreeRunExecution: false,
    worktreeRunExecutionActivatedAt: null,
    worktreeRunExecutionActivationInstanceId: null,
  };
}

export type ManagedExperimentalKeyMetadata = Partial<
  Record<ManagedExperimentalFeatureKey, ManagedSettingMetadata>
>;

/**
 * Overlay the cloud managed-config feature values over normalized settings.
 *
 * Read-time precedence: code floor (cloud) > managed overlay > tenant DB
 * value > schema default. (No code floors are expressed as flags today —
 * floors are enforced in code at the guarded routes, independent of any
 * flag value.) The overlay is deliberately never persisted: it re-asserts on
 * every read, so a DB restore or manual row edit cannot resurrect a
 * capability the harness has disabled.
 */
export function applyManagedExperimentalOverlay(
  experimental: InstanceExperimentalSettings,
  managedConfig: ManagedInstanceConfig | null,
): { experimental: InstanceExperimentalSettings; managedKeys: ManagedExperimentalKeyMetadata } {
  if (!managedConfig) return { experimental, managedKeys: {} };
  const next: InstanceExperimentalSettings = { ...experimental };
  const managedKeys: ManagedExperimentalKeyMetadata = {};
  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(managedConfig.features) as Array<
    [ManagedExperimentalFeatureKey, boolean]
  >) {
    // Existing Cloud stack configs may still carry retired flags. Accept the
    // document during rollout, but never let retired flags disable Apps, Agent Chat or MCP aggregators.
    if (key === "enableApps" || key === "enableAgentChat" || key === "enableMcpAggregators") continue;
    next[key] = value;
    managedKeys[key] = { managed: true, managedBy: PAPERCLIP_CLOUD_MANAGED_BY };
  }
  return { experimental: next, managedKeys };
}

/**
 * Keep self-hosted-only defaults out of Cloud.
 *
 * The experimental schema carries one default per flag, and the feature
 * catalog pins it to `selfHostedDefault`. A flag that is on by default for
 * self-hosted but off by default for Cloud (`selfHostedDefault: true`,
 * `cloudDefault: false`) would therefore normalize to "on" for a managed
 * instance whose tenant row and managed overlay both leave it unset. Re-assert
 * the declared Cloud default for exactly those flags. An explicit tenant value
 * or a managed feature value still wins (the overlay is applied afterwards).
 */
export function applyCloudCatalogDefaults(
  experimental: InstanceExperimentalSettings,
  rawStored: unknown,
  managedConfig: ManagedInstanceConfig | null,
): InstanceExperimentalSettings {
  if (!managedConfig) return experimental;
  const stored =
    rawStored && typeof rawStored === "object" && !Array.isArray(rawStored)
      ? (rawStored as Record<string, unknown>)
      : {};
  const next: InstanceExperimentalSettings = { ...experimental };
  for (const [key, entry] of Object.entries(INSTANCE_FEATURE_CATALOG)) {
    if (entry.cloudDefault !== false || entry.selfHostedDefault !== true) continue;
    if (typeof stored[key] === "boolean") continue;
    if (typeof managedConfig.features[key as ManagedExperimentalFeatureKey] === "boolean") continue;
    (next as unknown as Record<string, unknown>)[key] = false;
  }
  return next;
}

/**
 * Keep the write path from freezing a self-hosted default into a Cloud row.
 *
 * `updateExperimental` persists the whole normalized object, and the schema
 * normalizes an omitted flag to its self-hosted default. Without this step an
 * unrelated experimental write (say, turning on Cases) would store
 * `enableNativeRunner: true` on a managed instance whose tenant row had never
 * mentioned the flag; every later read would then treat the stored boolean as
 * an explicit tenant choice and stop re-asserting the Cloud default.
 *
 * For each guarded flag (see `applyCloudCatalogDefaults`), the stored key is
 * left absent unless the tenant already stored a boolean or this patch sets
 * the flag to something other than the Cloud default. A patch value equal to
 * the Cloud default is a full-GET echo of the read-time overlay, not a
 * choice, and is stripped the same way `stripOperatorGeneralEchoes` treats
 * operator defaults. Self-hosted rows are returned untouched.
 */
export function stripCloudCatalogDefaultEchoes(
  rawStored: unknown,
  patch: PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings | Record<string, unknown>,
  next: InstanceExperimentalSettings,
  managedConfig: ManagedInstanceConfig | null,
): Partial<InstanceExperimentalSettings> {
  if (!managedConfig) return next;
  const stored =
    rawStored && typeof rawStored === "object" && !Array.isArray(rawStored)
      ? (rawStored as Record<string, unknown>)
      : {};
  const patchRecord = patch as Record<string, unknown>;
  const result: Record<string, unknown> = { ...next };
  for (const [key, entry] of Object.entries(INSTANCE_FEATURE_CATALOG)) {
    if (entry.cloudDefault !== false || entry.selfHostedDefault !== true) continue;
    if (typeof stored[key] === "boolean") continue;
    if (
      Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(patchRecord, key) &&
      typeof patchRecord[key] === "boolean" &&
      patchRecord[key] !== entry.cloudDefault
    ) {
      continue;
    }
    delete result[key];
  }
  return result as Partial<InstanceExperimentalSettings>;
}

export function instanceSettingsService(db: Db, options: InstanceSettingsServiceOptions = {}) {
  // Fail closed: a malformed PAPERCLIP_MANAGED_CONFIG throws here (and at
  // boot in index.ts) rather than silently running without the overlay.
  const managedConfig = getManagedInstanceConfig(options.runtimeEnv ?? process.env);
  const staging = isCloudStagingInstance(options.runtimeEnv ?? process.env);
  const enforcedManagedConfig = staging && managedConfig
    ? {
      ...managedConfig,
      features: Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(managedConfig.features)
        .filter(([key, enabled]) => enabled || !isCloudStagingExperimentalSetting(key))),
    }
    : managedConfig;
  // Same posture for PAPERCLIP_SETTING_DEFAULTS: parsed once, applied per
  // read, never persisted (see applyOperatorGeneralDefaults) — including on
  // the write path, where a full-GET echo of the overlaid value is stripped
  // back to the schema default (see stripOperatorGeneralEchoes).
  const operatorDefaults = getOperatorSettingDefaults(options.runtimeEnv ?? process.env);

  function toGeneralView(raw: unknown): InstanceGeneralSettings {
    return applyOperatorGeneralDefaults(normalizeGeneralSettings(raw), operatorDefaults);
  }

  function toExperimentalView(raw: unknown): InstanceExperimentalSettingsWithManaged {
    const stored = raw && typeof raw === "object" && !Array.isArray(raw) ? raw : {};
    const defaults = staging ? { ...managedConfig?.features, ...stored } : raw;
    const { experimental, managedKeys } = applyManagedExperimentalOverlay(
      applyCloudCatalogDefaults(normalizeExperimentalSettings(defaults), defaults, managedConfig),
      enforcedManagedConfig,
    );
    // Self-hosted responses stay byte-identical: no managedKeys field at all.
    return managedConfig ? { ...experimental, managedKeys } : experimental;
  }

  function toInstanceSettings(row: typeof instanceSettings.$inferSelect): InstanceSettings {
    return {
      id: row.id,
      defaultEnvironmentId: row.defaultEnvironmentId ?? null,
      general: toGeneralView(row.general),
      experimental: toExperimentalView(row.experimental),
      createdAt: row.createdAt,
      updatedAt: row.updatedAt,
    } as InstanceSettings;
  }
  async function getOrCreateRow(runner: InstanceSettingsWriteDb = db) {
    const existing = await runner
      .select()
      .from(instanceSettings)
      .where(eq(instanceSettings.singletonKey, DEFAULT_SINGLETON_KEY))
      .then((rows) => rows[0] ?? null);
    if (existing) return existing;

    const now = new Date();
    const [created] = await runner
      .insert(instanceSettings)
      .values({
        singletonKey: DEFAULT_SINGLETON_KEY,
        general: {},
        experimental: {},
        createdAt: now,
        updatedAt: now,
      })
      .onConflictDoUpdate({
        target: [instanceSettings.singletonKey],
        set: {
          updatedAt: now,
        },
      })
      .returning();

    if (created) return created;

    const raced = await runner
      .select()
      .from(instanceSettings)
      .where(eq(instanceSettings.singletonKey, DEFAULT_SINGLETON_KEY))
      .then((rows) => rows[0] ?? null);
    if (raced) return raced;

    throw new Error("Failed to initialize instance settings row");
  }

  return {
    get: async (): Promise<InstanceSettings> => toInstanceSettings(await getOrCreateRow()),

    update: async (
      patch: PatchInstanceSettings,
      writeOptions?: { db?: InstanceSettingsWriteDb },
    ): Promise<InstanceSettings> => {
      // The write may run inside a caller-supplied transaction so it commits
      // atomically with a sibling write (e.g. clearing the managed-default
      // stamp on the environment row alongside a defaultEnvironmentId
      // change). Reads use the same runner so the row is visible to the tx.
      const runner = writeOptions?.db ?? db;
      const current = await getOrCreateRow(runner);
      const now = new Date();
      const [updated] = await runner
        .update(instanceSettings)
        .set({
          ...(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(patch, "defaultEnvironmentId")
            ? { defaultEnvironmentId: patch.defaultEnvironmentId ?? null }
            : {}),
          updatedAt: now,
        })
        .where(eq(instanceSettings.id, current.id))
        .returning();
      return toInstanceSettings(updated ?? current);
    },

    getGeneral: async (
      readOptions?: { db?: InstanceSettingsWriteDb },
    ): Promise<InstanceGeneralSettings> => {
      const row = await getOrCreateRow(readOptions?.db);
      return toGeneralView(row.general);
    },

    getExperimental: async (): Promise<InstanceExperimentalSettingsWithManaged> => {
      const row = await getOrCreateRow();
      return toExperimentalView(row.experimental);
    },

    updateGeneral: async (patch: PatchInstanceGeneralSettings): Promise<InstanceSettings> => {
      const current = await getOrCreateRow();
      const storedGeneral = normalizeGeneralSettings(current.general);
      // A full-GET echo carries the overlaid operator value for a field the
      // user never chose; stripping it keeps the overlay strictly read-time,
      // so changing or unsetting the variable later still takes effect.
      const nextGeneral = stripOperatorGeneralEchoes(
        storedGeneral,
        normalizeGeneralSettings({ ...storedGeneral, ...patch }),
        operatorDefaults,
      );
      const now = new Date();
      const [updated] = await db
        .update(instanceSettings)
        .set({
          general: { ...nextGeneral },
          updatedAt: now,
        })
        .where(eq(instanceSettings.id, current.id))
        .returning();
      return toInstanceSettings(updated ?? current);
    },

    updateExperimental: async (patch: PatchInstanceExperimentalSettings): Promise<InstanceSettings> => {
      for (const [key, enabled] of Object.entries(managedConfig?.features ?? {})) {
        if (enabled && patch[key as ManagedExperimentalFeatureKey] === false) {
          throw forbidden(`${key} is enabled by Paperclip Cloud and cannot be disabled on this instance`, {
            code: "settings_operator_managed",
          });
        }
      }
      const current = await getOrCreateRow();
      // Guarded Cloud flags stay absent from the row unless chosen, so the
      // read-time catalog default keeps applying (see stripCloudCatalogDefaultEchoes).
      const nextExperimental = staging
        ? applyExperimentalSettingsPatch(toExperimentalView(current.experimental), patch, options)
        : stripCloudCatalogDefaultEchoes(
          current.experimental,
          patch,
          applyExperimentalSettingsPatch(current.experimental, patch, options),
          managedConfig,
        );
      if (staging) {
        const stored = current.experimental as Record<string, unknown> | null;
        for (const key of Object.keys(INSTANCE_FEATURE_CATALOG) as ManagedExperimentalFeatureKey[]) {
          if (typeof stored?.[key] !== "boolean" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(patch, key)) {
            delete nextExperimental[key];
          }
        }
      }
      const chatBecameEnabled = !toExperimentalView(current.experimental).enableAgentChat
        && toExperimentalView(nextExperimental).enableAgentChat;
      const now = new Date();
      const [updated] = await db.transaction(async tx => {
        if (patch.enableStatusCards !== undefined) await notifyStatusCardEvaluation(tx);
        if (chatBecameEnabled) await notifyDeferredExecutionEligibility(tx);
        await notifyDeliveryWork(tx, DELIVERY_QUEUES.mcpEvents, "*");
        await notifyDeliveryWork(tx, DELIVERY_QUEUES.dotEvents, "*");
        await notifyDeliveryWork(tx, DELIVERY_QUEUES.grokDispatch);
        if (patch.enableExternalObjects !== undefined) await notifyExternalObjectRefresh(tx);
        if (chatBecameEnabled) await notifyDeliveryWork(tx, DELIVERY_QUEUES.strandedAssignments, "*");
        if (patch.enableWorktreeRunExecution !== undefined) await notifyScheduledRetryCancellation(tx);
        if (patch.enableWorktreeRunExecution !== undefined) {
          await notifyRunDispatch(tx);
          await notifyDeferredExecutionEligibility(tx);
          await notifyLiveRunRecovery(tx);
          await notifyLiveResourceRecovery(tx);
          await notifyDeliveryWork(tx, DELIVERY_QUEUES.agentTimers);
          await notifyExternalAgentSettlement(tx);
          await notifyInstructionCommit(tx);
          await notifyDirectoryCleanup(tx);
          await notifySkillVersionRetentionReconstruction(tx);
          await notifyInstructionCollection(tx);
          await notifyCancelledWorkspacePreservation(tx);
          await notifyExternalConversationSettlement(tx);
          await notifyNativeRecoveryNotices(tx);
          await notifyNativeRunProjection(tx);
          await notifyNativeEnvironmentSettlement(tx);
          await notifyNativeResultCommit(tx);
          await notifyNativeWorkspaceFinalization(tx);
        }
        if (patch.enableChatConnectors !== undefined) await notifyVoiceChange(tx);
        await notifyToolConnectionHealth(tx, "*");
        return tx
          .update(instanceSettings)
          .set({
            experimental: { ...nextExperimental },
            updatedAt: now,
          })
          .where(eq(instanceSettings.id, current.id))
          .returning();
      });
      return toInstanceSettings(updated ?? current);
    },

    listCompanyIds: async (): Promise<string[]> =>
      db
        .select({ id: companies.id })
        .from(companies)
        .then((rows) => rows.map((row) => row.id)),
  };
}