diff --git a/packages/paperclip-runner/src/configured-environment.ts b/packages/paperclip-runner/src/configured-environment.ts
index 475e62c3cc9..5cd30c0e765 100644
--- a/packages/paperclip-runner/src/configured-environment.ts
+++ b/packages/paperclip-runner/src/configured-environment.ts
@@ -25,12 +25,16 @@ export const GENERATED_RUNTIME_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
   "PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN", "PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_URL", "PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BRIDGE_TOKEN", "PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_LAUNCHER_DIR",
 ]);
 
-const RESERVED_KEYS = new Set([
-  "PATH", "HOME", "USERPROFILE", "CODEX_HOME", "AGENT_HOME", "SHELL", "NODE_OPTIONS", "NODE_PATH",
-  "PYTHONPATH", "PYTHONHOME", "RUBYOPT", "RUBYLIB", "PERL5OPT", "PERL5LIB", "BASH_ENV", "ENV", "ZDOTDIR", "GH_CONFIG_DIR",
+export const PROVIDER_CREDENTIAL_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS: readonly string[] = [
   "OPENAI_API_KEY", "CODEX_API_KEY", "ANTHROPIC_API_KEY", "ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN", "CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN",
   "AWS_BEARER_TOKEN_BEDROCK", "OPENROUTER_API_KEY", "XAI_API_KEY", "CURSOR_API_KEY", "CURSOR_AUTH_TOKEN",
   "COPILOT_GITHUB_TOKEN", "KIMI_API_KEY", "GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN", "GH_ENTERPRISE_TOKEN", "GITHUB_ENTERPRISE_TOKEN", "PAPERCLIP_GIT_TOKEN",
+];
+
+const RESERVED_KEYS = new Set([
+  "PATH", "HOME", "USERPROFILE", "CODEX_HOME", "AGENT_HOME", "SHELL", "NODE_OPTIONS", "NODE_PATH",
+  "PYTHONPATH", "PYTHONHOME", "RUBYOPT", "RUBYLIB", "PERL5OPT", "PERL5LIB", "BASH_ENV", "ENV", "ZDOTDIR", "GH_CONFIG_DIR",
+  ...PROVIDER_CREDENTIAL_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS,
 ]);
 
 function eligibleKey(key: string): boolean {
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/environment-retained-orphan-sandbox.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/environment-retained-orphan-sandbox.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..66e4d2926d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/environment-retained-orphan-sandbox.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import {
+  agents,
+  companies,
+  createDb,
+  environmentLeases,
+  environments,
+  heartbeatRuns,
+  issueRecoveryActions,
+  issues,
+} from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { getEmbeddedPostgresTestSupport, startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase } from "./helpers/embedded-postgres.js";
+import { currentProcessSpaceHash } from "../services/controller-process-identity.js";
+import { nextEnvironmentCleanupAt } from "../services/environment-cleanup-state.js";
+import { ENVIRONMENT_LEASE_CONTROLLER_KEY } from "../services/environment-lease-controller.js";
+import { hasPendingRunCleanup } from "../services/execution-blocker.js";
+import { heartbeatService, type HeartbeatEnvironmentRuntime } from "../services/heartbeat.js";
+import { hasRecoveredCleanupStopReceipt } from "../services/remote-execution-termination.js";
+import { taskChatRetryExecutionStopped } from "../services/chat-channels/task-retry-authority.js";
+import { createOwnershipReportState, runOwnershipReconciliationPass } from "../services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.js";
+import { ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY } from "../services/sandbox-stop-and-retain.js";
+
+const support = await getEmbeddedPostgresTestSupport();
+const suite = support.supported ? describe : describe.skip;
+const KIND = "environment_retained_orphan_sandbox";
+
+async function exitedPid(): Promise<number> {
+  const child = spawn(process.execPath, ["-e", "setInterval(() => {}, 1000)"], { stdio: "ignore" });
+  const pid = child.pid!;
+  await new Promise<void>(resolve => { child.once("exit", () => resolve()); child.kill("SIGKILL"); });
+  return pid;
+}
+
+suite("retained orphan sandbox on the shared ownership path", () => {
+  let db!: ReturnType<typeof createDb>;
+  let temporary: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase>> | null = null;
+  let companyId = "";
+  let agentId = "";
+  let environmentId = "";
+  let issueId = "";
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    temporary = await startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase("paperclip-retained-orphan-sandbox-");
+    db = createDb(temporary.connectionString);
+    companyId = randomUUID(); agentId = randomUUID(); environmentId = randomUUID(); issueId = randomUUID();
+    await db.insert(companies).values({ id: companyId, name: "Paperclip", issuePrefix: "ROS",
+      requireBoardApprovalForNewAgents: false });
+    await db.insert(agents).values({ id: agentId, companyId, name: "Coder", role: "engineer", status: "idle",
+      adapterType: "codex_local", adapterConfig: {}, runtimeConfig: {}, permissions: {} });
+    await db.insert(environments).values({ id: environmentId, name: "Fake Sandbox", driver: "sandbox",
+      status: "active", config: { provider: "fake", image: "ubuntu:24.04" } });
+    await db.insert(issues).values({ id: issueId, companyId, title: "Orphaned work" });
+  }, 30_000);
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await db.delete(issueRecoveryActions);
+    await db.delete(environmentLeases);
+    await db.delete(heartbeatRuns);
+  });
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await temporary?.cleanup();
+  });
+
+  async function run(status: string) {
+    const id = randomUUID();
+    await db.insert(heartbeatRuns).values({ id, companyId, agentId, issueId, invocationSource: "on_demand", status, nextEventSeq: 1 });
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  async function row(id: string) {
+    const [found] = await db.select().from(environmentLeases).where(eq(environmentLeases.id, id));
+    return found!;
+  }
+
+  /** The end state of an orphaned run lease: the ownership settle stopped the
+   * sandbox and kept it, and the stop was confirmed. */
+  async function retainedOrphan(runId: string, extra: { expiresAt?: Date; metadata?: Record<string, unknown> } = {}) {
+    const id = randomUUID(), providerLeaseId = `sandbox://fake/${id}`, now = new Date();
+    await db.insert(environmentLeases).values({ id, companyId, environmentId, issueId, heartbeatRunId: runId,
+      status: "released", cleanupStatus: "success", leasePolicy: "ephemeral", provider: "fake", providerLeaseId,
+      acquiredAt: new Date(now.getTime() - 60_000), releasedAt: now, expiresAt: extra.expiresAt ?? null,
+      metadata: {
+        [ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY]: { recoveredOrphanedRunLease: true, ownerProof: "pid_dead", runId },
+        remoteExecutionTermination: { schema: "paperclip.remote-termination.v1", companyId, runId, leaseId: id,
+          provider: "fake", providerLeaseId, state: "stopped", confirmedAt: now.toISOString() },
+        sandboxStopAndRetainReceipt: { schema: "paperclip.sandbox-stop-and-retain-receipt.v1", requestId: randomUUID(),
+          companyId, runId, leaseId: id, provider: "fake", providerLeaseId, builtinProvider: "fake",
+          method: "builtin.stopLease", confirmedAt: now.toISOString() },
+        ...extra.metadata,
+      } });
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  async function pass(record = true) {
+    const report = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record });
+    return { report, kind: report.kinds.find(entry => entry.kind === KIND)! };
+  }
+
+  it("marks the lease when the orphaned-run-lease settle stops and keeps its sandbox", async () => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    const id = randomUUID();
+    await db.insert(environmentLeases).values({ id, companyId, environmentId, heartbeatRunId: runId, status: "active",
+      provider: "fake", providerLeaseId: `sandbox://fake/${id}`, metadata: { [ENVIRONMENT_LEASE_CONTROLLER_KEY]: {
+        bootId: "earlier-boot", pid: await exitedPid(), hostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash(), processStartedAt: null } } });
+    await pass();
+    expect((await row(id)).metadata?.[ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY]).toMatchObject({
+      recoveredOrphanedRunLease: true, ownerProof: "pid_dead", runId });
+  });
+
+  it("destroys a retained orphan that nothing references, through the cleanup sweep", async () => {
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(await run("failed"));
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 1, settled: 1 });
+    const released = await row(leaseId);
+    expect(released).toMatchObject({ status: "pending_cleanup", leasePolicy: "ephemeral",
+      failureReason: "retained_orphan_sandbox_released" });
+    expect(released.metadata?.remoteExecutionTermination).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(released.metadata?.workspaceRecoveryCleanup).toMatchObject({ runId: released.heartbeatRunId,
+      reason: "retained_orphan_sandbox_released", ownerProof: "owner_run_terminal", stopReceipt: { state: "stopped" } });
+    // Admission and Retry still see a stopped sandbox while the destroy waits.
+    expect(hasRecoveredCleanupStopReceipt(released)).toBe(true);
+    expect(await hasPendingRunCleanup(db, companyId, released.heartbeatRunId!)).toBe(false);
+    const [failedRun] = await db.select().from(heartbeatRuns).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, released.heartbeatRunId!));
+    expect(await taskChatRetryExecutionStopped(db, failedRun!)).toBe(true);
+    // Due now, and the sweep destroys it from the recorded lease.
+    expect(await nextEnvironmentCleanupAt(db)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(Date.now());
+    const teardown = vi.fn(async ({ lease }: { lease: { providerLeaseId: string | null } }) =>
+      ({ providerLeaseId: lease.providerLeaseId, state: "destroyed" }));
+    await heartbeatService(db, { environmentRuntime: { retryPendingSandboxTeardown: teardown } as unknown as HeartbeatEnvironmentRuntime })
+      .sweepPendingCleanupLeases({ backoffMs: 5 * 60_000 });
+    expect(teardown).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect((await row(leaseId)).status).toBe("expired");
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    ["an open recovery action on the issue", async (_runId: string) => {
+      await db.insert(issueRecoveryActions).values({ companyId, sourceIssueId: issueId, kind: "active_run_watchdog",
+        cause: "fixture", fingerprint: randomUUID(), nextAction: "Recover the workspace." });
+      return {};
+    }],
+    ["a queued run on the issue", async (_runId: string) => { await run("queued"); return {}; }],
+    ["a scheduled retry on the issue", async (_runId: string) => { await run("scheduled_retry"); return {}; }],
+    ["a stop-and-retain intent", async () => ({ metadata: { sandboxStopAndRetain: { requestId: "pending" } } })],
+    ["a native export resume", async () => ({ metadata: { nativeWorkspaceExportResume: { requestId: "pending" } } })],
+    ["a workspace restore recovery", async () => ({ metadata: { workspaceRestoreRecovery: { runId: "fixture" } } })],
+    ["an in-flight cleanup claim", async () => ({ metadata: { pendingCleanupInFlight: true, pendingCleanupAttemptId: "a" } })],
+    ["a pending legacy shutdown fence", async () => ({ metadata: { legacyShutdownWorkspaceSettlement: { state: "pending" } } })],
+  ] as const)("never destroys a sandbox recovery still wants: %s", async (_label, arrange) => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    const extra = await arrange(runId);
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(runId, extra);
+    const before = await row(leaseId);
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ settled: 0 });
+    expect(await row(leaseId)).toEqual(before);
+  });
+
+  it("never destroys a sandbox another live lease holds, or one whose run is still active", async () => {
+    const live = await retainedOrphan(await run("running"));
+    const sharedRun = await run("failed");
+    const shared = await retainedOrphan(sharedRun);
+    const sharedRow = await row(shared);
+    await db.insert(environmentLeases).values({ companyId, environmentId, heartbeatRunId: await run("running"),
+      status: "active", provider: "fake", providerLeaseId: sharedRow.providerLeaseId });
+    await pass();
+    expect((await row(live)).status).toBe("released");
+    expect((await row(shared)).status).toBe("released");
+  });
+
+  it("keeps a softly referenced orphan only until its retention window ends, and wakes then", async () => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    await db.insert(issueRecoveryActions).values({ companyId, sourceIssueId: issueId, kind: "active_run_watchdog",
+      cause: "fixture", fingerprint: randomUUID(), nextAction: "Recover the workspace." });
+    const expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60_000);
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(runId, { expiresAt });
+    const first = await pass();
+    expect(first.kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 0 });
+    expect(first.report.nextDueAt?.getTime()).toBeLessThanOrEqual(expiresAt.getTime());
+    expect((await row(leaseId)).status).toBe("released");
+    // Past the window no recovery path accepts the stopped sandbox as a source.
+    await db.update(environmentLeases).set({ expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() - 1_000) }).where(eq(environmentLeases.id, leaseId));
+    const second = await pass();
+    expect(second.kind).toMatchObject({ settled: 1 });
+    expect((await row(leaseId)).status).toBe("pending_cleanup");
+  });
+
+  it("never changes anything on a read-only pass", async () => {
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(await run("failed"));
+    const before = await row(leaseId);
+    const { kind } = await pass(false);
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 1, settled: 0, verdicts: { gone: 1 } });
+    expect(await row(leaseId)).toEqual(before);
+  });
+
+  it("leaves a reusable sandbox to warm reuse", async () => {
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(await run("failed"));
+    await db.update(environmentLeases).set({ leasePolicy: "reuse_by_environment" }).where(eq(environmentLeases.id, leaseId));
+    const before = await row(leaseId);
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 0 });
+    expect(await row(leaseId)).toEqual(before);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps a sandbox with a pending native workspace export even past its retention window", async () => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(runId, { expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() - 1_000) });
+    const lease = await row(leaseId);
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ runtimeMode: "native", runnerProfileJson: { nativeWorkspaceSync: {
+      schema: "paperclip.native-workspace-sync/v3", state: "prepared", descriptorSha256: "a".repeat(64),
+      baselineSha256: "b".repeat(64), finalHostSha256: null, workspaceId: randomUUID(), leaseId,
+      providerLeaseId: lease.providerLeaseId, remoteCwd: "/workspace", resourceDisposition: "destroy" } } })
+      .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    // Not listed, so the settle watch does not poll it while the export waits.
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 0 });
+    expect(await row(leaseId)).toEqual(lease);
+  });
+
+  it("releases a workspace-less native run's orphan whose descriptor stays prepared", async () => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(runId);
+    const lease = await row(leaseId);
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ runtimeMode: "native", runnerProfileJson: {
+      nativeExecutionInput: { workspace: { access: "none", cwd: null } },
+      nativeWorkspaceSync: { schema: "paperclip.native-workspace-sync/v3", state: "prepared", descriptorSha256: "a".repeat(64),
+        baselineSha256: "b".repeat(64), finalHostSha256: null, workspaceId: randomUUID(), leaseId,
+        providerLeaseId: lease.providerLeaseId, remoteCwd: "/workspace", resourceDisposition: "destroy" } } })
+      .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    // Listed (no export obligation is visible to the listing); the settle
+    // decides with the exact export check.
+    const { kind } = await pass(false);
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 1 });
+  });
+
+  it("releases an orphan whose run's prepared descriptor names another sandbox", async () => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(runId);
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ runtimeMode: "native", runnerProfileJson: {
+      nativeWorkspaceSync: { schema: "paperclip.native-workspace-sync/v3", state: "prepared", descriptorSha256: "a".repeat(64),
+        baselineSha256: "b".repeat(64), finalHostSha256: null, workspaceId: randomUUID(), leaseId: randomUUID(),
+        providerLeaseId: "sandbox://fake/other", remoteCwd: "/workspace", resourceDisposition: "destroy" } } })
+      .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ settled: 1 });
+    expect((await row(leaseId)).status).toBe("pending_cleanup");
+  });
+
+  it("does not hide an orphan behind a prepared descriptor the settle would reject", async () => {
+    const runId = await run("failed");
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(runId);
+    const lease = await row(leaseId);
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ runtimeMode: "native", runnerProfileJson: {
+      nativeWorkspaceSync: { state: "prepared", leaseId, providerLeaseId: lease.providerLeaseId } } })
+      .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ settled: 1 });
+    expect((await row(leaseId)).status).toBe("pending_cleanup");
+  });
+
+  it("leaves an ordinary retained sandbox (no orphan marker) alone", async () => {
+    const leaseId = await retainedOrphan(await run("failed"));
+    const { [ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY]: _marker, ...metadata } = (await row(leaseId)).metadata!;
+    await db.update(environmentLeases).set({ metadata }).where(eq(environmentLeases.id, leaseId));
+    const { kind } = await pass();
+    expect(kind).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 0 });
+    expect((await row(leaseId)).status).toBe("released");
+  });
+});
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/environment-run-lease-ownership.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/environment-run-lease-ownership.test.ts
index a8a666a0ebc..669293cf660 100644
--- a/server/src/__tests__/environment-run-lease-ownership.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/environment-run-lease-ownership.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
-import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { eq, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import {
   agents,
@@ -257,6 +257,17 @@ suite("environment_run_lease_active on the shared ownership path", () => {
   });
 
   describe("leases saved before holders were stamped", () => {
+    it("dates the first cleanup attempt as a top-level key even for a scalar metadata root", async () => {
+      const runId = await run("failed");
+      const id = randomUUID();
+      await db.insert(environmentLeases).values({ id, companyId, heartbeatRunId: runId, status: "active",
+        metadata: sql`'["provider-wrote-an-array"]'::jsonb` });
+      await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState() });
+      const settled = await row(id);
+      expect(settled.status).toBe("pending_cleanup");
+      expect(typeof settled.metadata?.pendingCleanupRecoveredAtMs).toBe("number");
+    });
+
     it("keeps the run fact alone for one release on a single-host server", async () => {
       const runId = await run("failed");
       const leaseId = await lease(runId, null);
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/heartbeat-held-comment-wake.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/heartbeat-held-comment-wake.test.ts
index 2ee971fd4fb..24856d54ef2 100644
--- a/server/src/__tests__/heartbeat-held-comment-wake.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/heartbeat-held-comment-wake.test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { and, eq, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import { agents, agentWakeupRequests, authUsers, budgetPolicies, companies, companyMemberships, costEvents, createDb, heartbeatRuns,
+import { activityLog, agents, agentWakeupRequests, authUsers, budgetPolicies, companies, companyMemberships, costEvents, createDb, heartbeatRuns,
   issueComments, issues } from "@paperclipai/db";
 import { accountRunCost } from "../services/run-cost-accounting.js";
 import { DELIVERY_QUEUES, subscribeDeliveryWork } from "../services/delivery-work-notifications.js";
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import { requestTaskRetry } from "../services/task-retry.js";
 import { queueIssueAssignmentWakeup } from "../services/issue-assignment-wakeup.js";
 import { registerServerAdapter, unregisterServerAdapter } from "../adapters/index.js";
 import { heartbeatService } from "../services/heartbeat.js";
+import { createOwnershipReportState, runOwnershipReconciliationPass } from "../services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.js";
+import { applyOwnershipReportBackstops } from "../services/native-runtime/native-finalization-reconciler.js";
 import { promoteDeferredWorkIntents, TEMPORARY_REFUSAL_TRIGGERS, WORK_INTENT_TERMINAL_OUTCOMES } from "../services/work-intent-outbox.js";
 import { recoveryPostgresSupport, startRecoveryPostgres } from "./helpers/recovery-postgres.js";
 
@@ -116,6 +118,12 @@ describePostgres("saved intents while another run's accounting is pending", () =
     return woken;
   }
 
+  /** The agent's run closed the task, as a native status decision records it. */
+  const closeByAgent = (f: { companyId: string; issueId: string; agentId: string }, actorType = "agent") =>
+    db.insert(activityLog).values({ companyId: f.companyId, actorType, actorId: actorType === "agent" ? f.agentId : "person",
+      action: "issue.updated", entityType: "issue", entityId: f.issueId,
+      details: { source: "native_status_decision", fromStatus: "in_progress", toStatus: "done" } });
+
   async function settle(f: { companyId: string }) {
     await heartbeat.resumeQueuedRuns();
     await heartbeat.reconcileStrandedAssignedIssues({ companyId: f.companyId });
@@ -394,10 +402,111 @@ describePostgres("saved intents while another run's accounting is pending", () =
     expect(started).toHaveLength(1);
   }, 180_000);
 
+  // Chaos s9401/t69: a restart landed between the comment commit (which
+  // reopened the finished task to todo) and its wake write. Reconciler rule:
+  // an undelivered user comment newer than the task's last run gets a wake.
+  it("delivers once a user comment whose wake a restart lost after a succeeded run", async () => {
+    const f = await seedHeldComment();
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ costAccountingPending: false }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.pendingRunId));
+    // The run that finished the task was native, as in the wave, and the
+    // comment came after it; the comment's wake was never written.
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ runtimeMode: "native", startedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 120_000),
+      createdAt: new Date(Date.now() - 120_000) }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.sourceRunId));
+    await db.delete(agentWakeupRequests).where(eq(agentWakeupRequests.id, f.wakeId));
+    await db.update(issueComments).set({ createdAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000), updatedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000) })
+      .where(eq(issueComments.id, f.commentId));
+    await db.update(issues).set({ status: "todo" }).where(eq(issues.id, f.issueId));
+    const report = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(report.violations.filter(row => row.reason === "user_comment_without_wake").map(row => row.recordId))
+      .toEqual([f.commentId]);
+    await applyOwnershipReportBackstops(db, report);
+    await db.update(agentWakeupRequests).set({ updatedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000) })
+      .where(eq(agentWakeupRequests.companyId, f.companyId));
+    await settle(f); await settle(f);
+    expect(deliveries(f.commentId)).toHaveLength(1);
+    // Delivered: the rule no longer fires, and nothing delivers it again.
+    const again = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(again.violations.filter(row => row.reason === "user_comment_without_wake")).toEqual([]);
+    await applyOwnershipReportBackstops(db, again);
+    await settle(f);
+    expect(deliveries(f.commentId)).toHaveLength(1);
+  }, 180_000);
+
+  // Chaos s9401/t72: a message queued its own run while the first run was
+  // finishing. The first run completed the task, so the queued run was
+  // cancelled as a stale continuation and the unread message was dropped.
+  it("reopens a finished task for a message whose queued run turned stale, and delivers it once", async () => {
+    const f = await seedHeldComment();
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ costAccountingPending: false }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.pendingRunId));
+    await db.delete(agentWakeupRequests).where(eq(agentWakeupRequests.id, f.wakeId));
+    // The message's own queued run; the first run then completed the task.
+    const [wake] = await db.insert(agentWakeupRequests).values({ companyId: f.companyId, agentId: f.agentId, source: "automation",
+      triggerDetail: "system", reason: "issue_commented", status: "queued", requestedByActorType: "user", requestedByActorId: f.userId,
+      payload: { issueId: f.issueId, commentId: f.commentId, mutation: "comment" } }).returning();
+    const [stale] = await db.insert(heartbeatRuns).values({ companyId: f.companyId, agentId: f.agentId, invocationSource: "automation",
+      triggerDetail: "system", status: "queued", wakeupRequestId: wake.id,
+      contextSnapshot: { issueId: f.issueId, taskId: f.issueId, commentId: f.commentId, wakeCommentId: f.commentId,
+        wakeCommentIds: [f.commentId], wakeReason: "issue_commented", source: "issue.comment" } }).returning();
+    await db.update(agentWakeupRequests).set({ runId: stale.id }).where(eq(agentWakeupRequests.id, wake.id));
+    // The first run, which started before the message, completed the task after it.
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ finishedAt: new Date(Date.now() + 1_000) }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.sourceRunId));
+    await db.update(issues).set({ status: "done", completedAt: new Date() }).where(eq(issues.id, f.issueId));
+    await closeByAgent(f);
+    await settle(f); await settle(f);
+    expect((await db.select().from(heartbeatRuns).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, stale.id)))[0]).toMatchObject({
+      status: "cancelled", errorCode: "continuation_task_ownership_changed" });
+    await db.update(agentWakeupRequests).set({ updatedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000) })
+      .where(and(eq(agentWakeupRequests.companyId, f.companyId), eq(agentWakeupRequests.status, "deferred_issue_execution")));
+    await settle(f); await settle(f);
+    expect(deliveries(f.commentId)).toHaveLength(1);
+    await settle(f);
+    expect(deliveries(f.commentId)).toHaveLength(1);
+  }, 180_000);
+
+  // The durable half: the stale check ran before the closing run settled (or
+  // its save failed), so only the cancelled stale wake carries the message.
+  // Once the closing run settles, the reconciler saves it and the drain
+  // reopens the task and delivers it once.
+  it("recovers a message a stale continuation dropped once the closing run settles", async () => {
+    const f = await seedHeldComment();
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ costAccountingPending: false }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.pendingRunId));
+    await db.update(agentWakeupRequests).set({ status: "cancelled", finishedAt: new Date(),
+      error: "continuation_task_ownership_changed" }).where(eq(agentWakeupRequests.id, f.wakeId));
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ finishedAt: new Date(Date.now() + 1_000) }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.sourceRunId));
+    await db.update(issues).set({ status: "done", completedAt: new Date() }).where(eq(issues.id, f.issueId));
+    // A person closed it: that decision stands.
+    await closeByAgent(f, "user");
+    const byPerson = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(byPerson.violations.filter(row => row.reason === "user_comment_dropped_by_stale_continuation")).toEqual([]);
+    // The agent's run closed it later without reading the message.
+    await closeByAgent(f);
+    // Another message's own turn succeeded later; it did not receive this one.
+    await db.insert(heartbeatRuns).values({ companyId: f.companyId, agentId: f.agentId, invocationSource: "automation",
+      triggerDetail: "system", status: "succeeded", startedAt: new Date(Date.now() + 2_000), finishedAt: new Date(Date.now() + 3_000),
+      contextSnapshot: { issueId: f.issueId, wakeReason: "issue_commented", wakeCommentIds: [randomUUID()],
+        executionContinuation: { messages: [{ id: f.commentId }] } } });
+    const report = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(report.violations.filter(row => row.reason === "user_comment_dropped_by_stale_continuation")
+      .map(row => row.recordId)).toEqual([f.commentId]);
+    expect(await applyOwnershipReportBackstops(db, report)).toEqual({ retryNeeded: false });
+    await db.update(agentWakeupRequests).set({ updatedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000) })
+      .where(and(eq(agentWakeupRequests.companyId, f.companyId), eq(agentWakeupRequests.status, "deferred_issue_execution")));
+    await settle(f); await settle(f);
+    expect(deliveries(f.commentId)).toHaveLength(1);
+    const again = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(again.violations.filter(row => row.recordId === f.commentId)).toEqual([]);
+  }, 180_000);
+
+  it("keeps a reconciler pass due when the backstop cannot save a message", async () => {
+    const report = { violations: [{ rule: "I4_exactly_once_intent", kind: "issue_comment", recordId: randomUUID(),
+      companyId: "not-a-company-id", runId: null, issueId: "not-an-issue-id", reason: "user_comment_without_wake" }] };
+    expect(await applyOwnershipReportBackstops(db, report as never)).toEqual({ retryNeeded: true });
+  });
+
   it("keeps the terminal outcomes closed and every temporary refusal mapped to a release trigger", () => {
     expect([...WORK_INTENT_TERMINAL_OUTCOMES]).toEqual(["delivered", "consumed", "task_cancelled", "hard_stop"]);
     for (const refusal of ["budget.blocked", "company.inactive", "agent.not_invokable", "issue_tree_hold_active",
-      "heartbeat.scheduling_suppressed"]) expect(TEMPORARY_REFUSAL_TRIGGERS[refusal]).toBeTruthy();
+      "heartbeat.scheduling_suppressed", "wake_lost"]) expect(TEMPORARY_REFUSAL_TRIGGERS[refusal]).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it.each([
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/issue-comment-cancel-routes.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/issue-comment-cancel-routes.test.ts
index 4d40e68f317..410f697e7b5 100644
--- a/server/src/__tests__/issue-comment-cancel-routes.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/issue-comment-cancel-routes.test.ts
@@ -181,6 +181,9 @@ function makeIssue() {
   };
 }
 
+const finalDenial = "Only the author of a queued comment can discard it, from that queued message's menu on [PAP-1353](/PAP/issues/PAP-1353). "
+  + "This denial is final: no board, admin or agent override exists, so do not try other routes. Tell the author to discard it there.";
+
 function makeComment(overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}) {
   return {
     id: "comment-1",
@@ -225,6 +228,9 @@ describe("issue comment cancel routes", () => {
         from: vi.fn(() => ({
           where: vi.fn(() => ({
             orderBy: vi.fn(async () => mockAuthoritativeQueueWakes),
+            // Agent mutation guards read a single row (no task-watchdog run here).
+            then: (resolve: (rows: unknown[]) => unknown, reject?: (error: unknown) => unknown) =>
+              Promise.resolve([]).then(resolve, reject),
           })),
         })),
       })),
@@ -260,6 +266,9 @@ describe("issue comment cancel routes", () => {
       await options?.afterTombstone?.(deleted, "tx");
       return deleted;
     });
+    mockAccessService.decide.mockImplementation(async ({ action }: { action: string }) => ({
+      action, allowed: action === "issue:read", reason: "allow_default", explanation: "Fixture task is readable",
+    }));
     mockAccessService.canUser.mockResolvedValue(false);
     mockAccessService.hasPermission.mockResolvedValue(false);
     mockFeedbackService.listIssueVotesForUser.mockResolvedValue([]);
@@ -366,10 +375,86 @@ describe("issue comment cancel routes", () => {
       .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/comments/comment-1?mode=cancel");
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(403);
-    expect(res.body.error).toBe("Only the comment author can cancel queued comments");
+    expect(res.body.error).toBe(finalDenial);
     expect(mockIssueService.removeComment).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
+  it("tells an agent that discarding a person's queued comment is author-only and final, with the task link", async () => {
+    const agent = { type: "agent", agentId: "22222222-2222-4222-8222-222222222222", companyId: "company-1", runId: "run-1", source: "agent_key" };
+    const res = await request(await installActor(createApp(), agent))
+      .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/queued-comments/comment-1")
+      .send({ queueId: "queue-1", revision: "revision-1" });
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(403);
+    expect(res.body.error).toBe(finalDenial);
+    expect(res.body.error).not.toBe("Board access required");
+    expect(mockIssueService.removeComment).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("returns 404 without task details when the agent cannot read the private task", async () => {
+    mockAccessService.decide.mockImplementation(async ({ action }: { action: string }) => ({
+      action, allowed: false, reason: "deny_issue_private", explanation: "Private task",
+    }));
+    const agent = { type: "agent", agentId: "33333333-3333-4333-8333-333333333333", companyId: "company-1", runId: "run-9", source: "agent_key" };
+    const res = await request(await installActor(createApp(), agent))
+      .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/queued-comments/comment-1")
+      .send({ queueId: "queue-1", revision: "revision-1" });
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(404);
+    expect(JSON.stringify(res.body)).not.toContain("PAP-1353");
+  });
+
+  it("points an author agent at the cancel route it can use instead of claiming no route exists", async () => {
+    mockIssueService.getComment.mockResolvedValue(makeComment({ authorUserId: null, authorAgentId: "33333333-3333-4333-8333-333333333333" }));
+    const agent = { type: "agent", agentId: "33333333-3333-4333-8333-333333333333", companyId: "company-1", runId: "run-9", source: "agent_key" };
+    const res = await request(await installActor(createApp(), agent))
+      .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/queued-comments/comment-1")
+      .send({ queueId: "queue-1", revision: "revision-1" });
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(403);
+    expect(res.body.error).toContain("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/comments/comment-1?mode=cancel");
+    expect(res.body.error).not.toContain("final");
+  });
+
+  it("lets an author agent discard its own queued comment through the cancel route", async () => {
+    // Another agent queued this comment behind the assignee's active run; it can read and write the task.
+    mockAccessService.decide.mockImplementation(async ({ action }: { action: string }) => ({
+      action, allowed: true, reason: "allow_default", explanation: "Assignee task",
+    }));
+    mockIssueService.getComment.mockResolvedValue(makeComment({ authorUserId: null, authorAgentId: "33333333-3333-4333-8333-333333333333" }));
+    mockIssueService.removeComment.mockResolvedValue(makeComment({ authorUserId: null, authorAgentId: "33333333-3333-4333-8333-333333333333" }));
+    const agent = { type: "agent", agentId: "33333333-3333-4333-8333-333333333333", companyId: "company-1", runId: "run-9", source: "agent_key" };
+    const res = await request(await installActor(createApp(), agent))
+      .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/comments/comment-1?mode=cancel");
+
+    expect(res.status, JSON.stringify(res.body)).toBe(200);
+    expect(mockIssueService.removeComment).toHaveBeenCalledWith("comment-1");
+  });
+
+  it("returns 404 instead of the author-only denial when a non-author cannot read the task", async () => {
+    mockIssueService.getComment.mockResolvedValue(makeComment({ authorUserId: "someone-else" }));
+    mockAccessService.decide.mockImplementation(async ({ action }: { action: string }) => ({
+      action, allowed: false, reason: "deny_issue_private", explanation: "Private task",
+    }));
+    const res = await request(await installActor(createApp()))
+      .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/comments/comment-1?mode=cancel");
+
+    expect(res.status).not.toBe(403);
+    expect(JSON.stringify(res.body)).not.toContain("PAP-1353");
+    expect(mockIssueService.removeComment).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("does not reveal another company's task through the agent queued-comment denial", async () => {
+    mockIssueService.getById.mockResolvedValue({ ...makeIssue(), companyId: "company-2" });
+    const agent = { type: "agent", agentId: "22222222-2222-4222-8222-222222222222", companyId: "company-1", runId: "run-1", source: "agent_key" };
+    const res = await request(await installActor(createApp(), agent))
+      .delete("/api/issues/11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111/queued-comments/comment-1")
+      .send({ queueId: "queue-1", revision: "revision-1" });
+
+    expect(res.status).toBe(404);
+    expect(JSON.stringify(res.body)).not.toContain("PAP-1353");
+  });
+
   it("deletes a normal authored comment as a tombstone without returning the original body", async () => {
     mockIssueService.getComment.mockResolvedValue(
       makeComment({
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/ownership-reconciliation-report.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/ownership-reconciliation-report.test.ts
index e303af8eaef..d584a990654 100644
--- a/server/src/__tests__/ownership-reconciliation-report.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/ownership-reconciliation-report.test.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   createDb,
   environmentLeases,
   heartbeatRuns,
+  issueComments,
   issues,
   nativeRunFinalizations,
   sandboxCreationOperations,
@@ -142,8 +143,9 @@ describe("report-only ownership reconciliation", () => {
     expect(new Set(names).size).toBe(names.length);
     expect(names.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(40);
     expect(OWNABLE_KINDS.filter(kind => kind.settle !== null).map(kind => kind.id))
-      .toEqual(["native_accepted_result_lease", "native_finalizer_lease", "native_cleanup_lease", "environment_run_lease_active",
-        "environment_teardown_claim", "native_workspace_finalize_attempt", "wake_request_claimed", "legacy_controller_lease"]);
+      .toEqual(["native_accepted_result_lease", "native_finalizer_lease", "native_cleanup_lease", "sandbox_creation_intent",
+        "environment_run_lease_active", "environment_teardown_claim", "environment_retained_orphan_sandbox",
+        "native_workspace_finalize_attempt", "wake_request_claimed", "legacy_controller_lease"]);
     expect(OWNABLE_KINDS.filter(kind => !kind.listInProgress).every(kind => kind.coverageGap)).toBe(true);
   });
 
@@ -405,6 +407,35 @@ describe("report-only ownership reconciliation", () => {
     expect(report.violations.filter(violation => violation.rule === "I4_exactly_once_intent")).toEqual([]);
   });
 
+  // Reconciler rule (chaos s9401/t69): an undelivered user comment newer than
+  // the task's last run gets a wake. A carried, a too-young, or an
+  // already-read comment does not fire it.
+  it("finds a user comment newer than the task's last run that no wake carries", async () => {
+    const issueId = randomUUID();
+    await db.insert(issues).values({ id: issueId, companyId, title: "Reopened", status: "todo", assigneeAgentId: agentId });
+    await db.insert(heartbeatRuns).values({ companyId, agentId, status: "succeeded", invocationSource: "manual",
+      runtimeMode: "native", contextSnapshot: { issueId }, startedAt: minutesAgo(5), createdAt: minutesAgo(5), finishedAt: minutesAgo(4) });
+    const [lost, carried, young] = await db.insert(issueComments).values([
+      { companyId, issueId, authorUserId: "user-1", body: "lost wake", createdAt: minutesAgo(2) },
+      { companyId, issueId, authorUserId: "user-1", body: "carried", createdAt: minutesAgo(2) },
+      { companyId, issueId, authorUserId: "user-1", body: "young", createdAt: new Date(Date.now() - 5_000) },
+    ]).returning();
+    // An agent's own comment written under its user (local CLI) is not user intent.
+    await db.insert(issueComments).values({ companyId, issueId, authorUserId: "user-1", authorAgentId: agentId,
+      body: "self", createdAt: minutesAgo(2) });
+    await db.insert(agentWakeupRequests).values({ companyId, agentId, source: "automation", status: "queued",
+      payload: { issueId, commentId: carried.id } });
+    const report = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(report.violations.filter(row => row.reason === "user_comment_without_wake").map(row => row.recordId)).toEqual([lost.id]);
+    // The young comment may still get its normal wake: a deadline, not a report.
+    expect(report.nextDueAt?.getTime()).toBe(young.createdAt.getTime() + 30_000);
+    // A run that started after the comment read it.
+    await db.insert(heartbeatRuns).values({ companyId, agentId, status: "succeeded", invocationSource: "manual",
+      contextSnapshot: { issueId }, startedAt: minutesAgo(1), createdAt: minutesAgo(1), finishedAt: new Date() });
+    const later = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record: false });
+    expect(later.violations.filter(row => row.reason === "user_comment_without_wake")).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
   it("keeps a backstop deadline for a lifted pause still inside its grace window", async () => {
     const updatedAt = minutesAgo(1);
     await db.insert(agentWakeupRequests).values({ companyId, agentId, source: "automation", status: "deferred_issue_execution",
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-intent-ownership.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-intent-ownership.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55f6137a670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-intent-ownership.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { companies, createDb, sandboxCreationOperations } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { getEmbeddedPostgresTestSupport, startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase } from "./helpers/embedded-postgres.js";
+import { currentControllerProcessStamp, currentProcessSpaceHash } from "../services/controller-process-identity.js";
+import { nextEnvironmentCleanupAt } from "../services/environment-cleanup-state.js";
+import { createOwnershipReportState, runOwnershipReconciliationPass } from "../services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.js";
+import { settleSandboxCreationIntent } from "../services/sandbox-creation-intent-settlement.js";
+
+const support = await getEmbeddedPostgresTestSupport();
+const suite = support.supported ? describe : describe.skip;
+const KIND = "sandbox_creation_intent";
+
+async function exitedPid(): Promise<number> {
+  const child = spawn(process.execPath, ["-e", "setInterval(() => {}, 1000)"], { stdio: "ignore" });
+  const pid = child.pid!;
+  await new Promise<void>(resolve => { child.once("exit", () => resolve()); child.kill("SIGKILL"); });
+  return pid;
+}
+
+suite("sandbox_creation_intent on the shared ownership path", () => {
+  let db!: ReturnType<typeof createDb>;
+  let temporary: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase>> | null = null;
+  let companyId = "";
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    temporary = await startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase("paperclip-sandbox-creation-intent-ownership-");
+    db = createDb(temporary.connectionString);
+    companyId = randomUUID();
+    await db.insert(companies).values({ id: companyId, name: "Paperclip", issuePrefix: "SCI",
+      requireBoardApprovalForNewAgents: false });
+  }, 30_000);
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await db.delete(sandboxCreationOperations);
+  });
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await temporary?.cleanup();
+  });
+
+  /** The state a crash between the intent write and the provider reply leaves:
+   * a pending intent waiting for its 30-minute settle deadline. */
+  async function intent(creationController: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    const id = randomUUID();
+    const settleAt = new Date(Date.now() + 30 * 60_000);
+    await db.insert(sandboxCreationOperations).values({ id, companyId, originalEnvironmentId: randomUUID(),
+      runId: randomUUID(), requestKey: "run", provider: "fixture", driverKey: "fixture", state: "pending", config: {},
+      nextAttemptAt: settleAt, metadata: { creationController, creationSettleAt: settleAt.toISOString() } });
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  async function row(id: string) {
+    const [found] = await db.select().from(sandboxCreationOperations).where(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, id));
+    return found!;
+  }
+
+  async function pass(record = true) {
+    const report = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state: createOwnershipReportState(), record });
+    return report.kinds.find(entry => entry.kind === KIND)!;
+  }
+
+  it("makes a dead creator's intent due on the next pass, keeping the provider absence deadline", async () => {
+    const id = await intent({ bootId: "earlier-boot", pid: await exitedPid(), hostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash(),
+      processStartedAt: null });
+    expect(await pass()).toMatchObject({ settled: 1, reasons: { pid_dead: 1 } });
+    const settled = await row(id);
+    expect(settled.state).toBe("pending");
+    expect(settled.nextAttemptAt.getTime()).toBeLessThanOrEqual(Date.now());
+    expect(settled.metadata).toMatchObject({ creationControllerLost: true, creationControllerLostProof: "pid_dead" });
+    // Creation recovery is due now; the saved settle deadline still guards absence.
+    expect(await nextEnvironmentCleanupAt(db)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(Date.now());
+    expect(Date.parse(String(settled.metadata.creationSettleAt))).toBeGreaterThan(Date.now() + 25 * 60_000);
+    // A lost creator's intent belongs to creation recovery now.
+    expect(await pass()).toMatchObject({ inProgress: 0 });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the deadline of a live creator, a creator on another host, and an intent with no creator", async () => {
+    const ids = [
+      await intent(currentControllerProcessStamp()),
+      await intent({ bootId: "other", pid: await exitedPid(), hostHash: "f".repeat(32), processStartedAt: null }),
+      await intent({}),
+    ];
+    const before = await Promise.all(ids.map(row));
+    expect(await pass()).toMatchObject({ settled: 0,
+      reasons: { current_process: 1, different_process_space: 1, no_owner_stamp: 1 } });
+    expect(await Promise.all(ids.map(row))).toEqual(before);
+  });
+
+  describe("the settle compares and swaps on the exact creator it was given", () => {
+    async function record(id: string, creator: Record<string, unknown>) {
+      return { recordId: id, companyId, runId: null, issueId: null, updatedAt: new Date(),
+        owner: { kind: "process" as const, stamp: { kind: "local" as const, scope: KIND, generation: null, host: null,
+          processSpace: String(creator.hostHash), bootId: String(creator.bootId), pid: Number(creator.pid),
+          processStartedAt: null, processGroupId: null } } };
+    }
+    const proof = { verdict: "gone" as const, reason: "pid_dead" as const };
+
+    it.each([
+      ["a creator that changed since the proof", "owner_changed_since_proof"],
+      ["an intent already due", "intent_already_due"],
+      ["an intent no longer pending", "intent_no_longer_pending"],
+      ["an intent whose creator is already lost", "creator_already_lost"],
+    ] as const)("leaves %s unchanged", async (label, reason) => {
+      const creator = { bootId: "earlier-boot", pid: await exitedPid(), hostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash(), processStartedAt: null };
+      const id = await intent(creator);
+      if (label.startsWith("a creator")) {
+        await db.update(sandboxCreationOperations).set({ metadata: { creationController: { ...creator, bootId: "newer-boot" } } })
+          .where(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, id));
+      } else if (label.includes("already due")) {
+        await db.update(sandboxCreationOperations).set({ nextAttemptAt: new Date(Date.now() - 1_000) })
+          .where(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, id));
+      } else if (label.includes("no longer pending")) {
+        await db.update(sandboxCreationOperations).set({ state: "cleanup_pending" }).where(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, id));
+      } else {
+        await db.update(sandboxCreationOperations).set({ metadata: { creationController: creator, creationControllerLost: true } })
+          .where(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, id));
+      }
+      const before = await row(id);
+      expect(await settleSandboxCreationIntent(db, await record(id, creator), { now: new Date(), proof }))
+        .toEqual({ settled: false, reason });
+      expect(await row(id)).toEqual(before);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("never changes an intent on a read-only pass", async () => {
+    const id = await intent({ bootId: "earlier-boot", pid: await exitedPid(), hostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash(),
+      processStartedAt: null });
+    const before = await row(id);
+    expect(await pass(false)).toMatchObject({ settled: 0, verdicts: { gone: 1 } });
+    expect(await row(id)).toEqual(before);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-operations.test.ts b/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-operations.test.ts
index d66102567f0..784f7983a7a 100644
--- a/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-operations.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/__tests__/sandbox-creation-operations.test.ts
@@ -367,12 +367,12 @@ describe("durable sandbox creation through the runtime entry point", () => {
       await runtime().retryPendingSandboxTeardown({ environment: null, lease: (await environmentService(db).getLeaseById(lease!.id))! });
       expect(resources.size).toBe(0); expect(destroys).toBe(1); expect(creates).toBe(1);
     });
-    it("pages past more unprovable creations than one page to find an abandoned one", async () => {
+    it("pages past more unprovable creations than one settle page (200) to find an abandoned one", async () => {
       const pid = await exitedPid();
       const operation = await interruptedCreation(async current => ({ ...current, bootId: randomUUID(), pid }));
       const { id: _id, runId: _runId, ...row } = operation;
       // Sorted ahead of the abandoned intent: creators on another host cannot be judged.
-      await db.insert(sandboxCreationOperations).values(Array.from({ length: 105 }, (_, index) => ({ ...row,
+      await db.insert(sandboxCreationOperations).values(Array.from({ length: 205 }, (_, index) => ({ ...row,
         id: `00000000-0000-4000-8000-${String(index).padStart(12, "0")}`, runId: randomUUID(),
         metadata: { ...row.metadata, creationController: { ...(row.metadata.creationController as object), bootId: randomUUID(), pid, hostHash: "f".repeat(32) } } })));
       await runtime().flushDeferredOrphanCleanups();
diff --git a/server/src/routes/issues.ts b/server/src/routes/issues.ts
index be8104f0189..7a3c6542b1d 100644
--- a/server/src/routes/issues.ts
+++ b/server/src/routes/issues.ts
@@ -415,6 +415,20 @@ const MAX_ISSUE_COMMENT_LIMIT = 500;
 const updateIssueRouteSchema = updateIssueSchema.extend({
   interrupt: z.boolean().optional(),
 });
+/**
+ * Sent only to a caller that did not write the queued comment: its author is the
+ * only one who can discard it, and no board, admin or agent override exists. Say so with the task link, so an agent that tried can
+ * relay the human route at once instead of searching for another endpoint.
+ */
+function queuedCommentAuthorOnlyDenial(issue: { identifier?: string | null }) {
+  const identifier = issue.identifier ?? null;
+  const prefix = identifier && /^[A-Z][A-Z0-9]*-\d+$/.test(identifier) ? identifier.split("-")[0] : null;
+  const where = identifier && prefix ? `[${identifier}](/${prefix}/issues/${identifier})` : "its task";
+  return `Only the author of a queued comment can discard it, from that queued message's menu on ${where}. `
+    + "This denial is final: no board, admin or agent override exists, so do not try other routes. "
+    + `Tell the author to discard it there.`;
+}
+
 const queuedCommentMutationTargetSchema = z.object({
   queueId: z.string().min(1),
   revision: z.string().min(1),
@@ -17564,6 +17578,25 @@ export function issueRoutes(
     "/issues/:id/queued-comments/:commentId",
     validate(queuedCommentMutationTargetSchema),
     async (req, res) => {
+      if (req.actor.type === "agent") {
+        // Agents never use this board route. Check visibility first so a denial
+        // never confirms a task the agent cannot read.
+        const issue = await getAccessibleResource(req, res, svc.getById(req.params.id as string), "Issue not found");
+        if (!issue) return;
+        if (!(await assertIssueReadAllowed(req, res, issue))) return;
+        const comment = await svc.getComment(req.params.commentId as string);
+        if (!comment || comment.issueId !== issue.id) {
+          res.status(404).json({ error: "Comment not found" });
+          return;
+        }
+        if (comment.authorAgentId && comment.authorAgentId === req.actor.agentId) {
+          throw forbidden(
+            "Agents discard their own queued comments with "
+              + `DELETE /api/issues/${issue.id}/comments/${comment.id}?mode=cancel, not this board route.`,
+          );
+        }
+        throw forbidden(queuedCommentAuthorOnlyDenial(issue));
+      }
       assertBoard(req);
       if (!req.actor.userId) throw forbidden("Board user context required");
       const id = req.params.id as string;
@@ -18845,8 +18878,9 @@ export function issueRoutes(
       : false;
     if (deleteMode === "cancel" || pendingQueueWake || isLegacyQueuedComment) {
       if (!actorOwnsComment) {
+        if (!(await assertIssueReadAllowed(req, res, issue))) return;
         res.status(403).json({
-          error: "Only the comment author can cancel queued comments",
+          error: queuedCommentAuthorOnlyDenial(issue),
         });
         return;
       }
diff --git a/server/src/services/chat-channels/task-retry-authority.ts b/server/src/services/chat-channels/task-retry-authority.ts
index d17bcc4fc04..c2018c6e5ff 100644
--- a/server/src/services/chat-channels/task-retry-authority.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/chat-channels/task-retry-authority.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { agentWakeupRequests, environmentLeases, heartbeatRuns, issueRecoveryAct
 import { buildExecutionContinuation } from "../execution-continuation.js";
 import { readTaskRetryIntent } from "../task-retry.js";
 import { hasNativeLocalProcessStop, hasHistoricalSuspendedNativeSession, recordedLocalExecutionStopped } from "../native-local-process-stop.js";
-import { hasRemoteTerminationReceipt } from "../remote-execution-termination.js";
+import { hasRecoveredCleanupStopReceipt, hasRemoteTerminationReceipt } from "../remote-execution-termination.js";
 import { adapterExecutionControls } from "../adapter-execution-control.js";
 import { getExecutionBlocker, hasPendingRunCleanup } from "../execution-blocker.js";
 import { readSystemRecovery } from "../system-recovery-state.js";
@@ -74,7 +74,11 @@ async function taskChatRetryExecutionContained(db: Db, run: typeof heartbeatRuns
   const leases = await db.select().from(environmentLeases).where(and(
     eq(environmentLeases.companyId, run.companyId), eq(environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId, run.id),
   )).for("share", { noWait: true });
-  if (leases.some(lease => lease.provider !== "local")) return leases.every(hasRemoteTerminationReceipt);
+  // A verified stop counts, including one whose destroy is queued as stopped
+  // cleanup (a recovered or retained orphan sandbox awaiting teardown).
+  if (leases.some(lease => lease.provider !== "local")) {
+    return leases.every(lease => hasRemoteTerminationReceipt(lease) || hasRecoveredCleanupStopReceipt(lease));
+  }
   return await recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db, run) ||
     await hasNativeLocalProcessStop(db, run.companyId, run.id) ||
     await hasHistoricalSuspendedNativeSession(db, run);
diff --git a/server/src/services/controller-process-identity.test.ts b/server/src/services/controller-process-identity.test.ts
index e029bf52589..2fd8b9a465f 100644
--- a/server/src/services/controller-process-identity.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/controller-process-identity.test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { processExists, processStartsDefinitelyDiffer } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
 import { isPidAlive, isProcessGroupAlive } from "./local-service-supervisor.js";
 import { readProcessStartedAt } from "./hot-restart.js";
-import { verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive } from "./native-runtime/native-session-executor.js";
+import { recoveryProcessMayBeAlive } from "./native-runtime/native-session-executor.js";
 
 describe("shared process identity proof", () => {
   afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks());
@@ -41,9 +41,14 @@ describe("shared process identity proof", () => {
     try {
       const observed = new Date((await readProcessStartedAt(live.pid!))!);
       const startedAt = new Date(observed.getTime() + 500).toISOString();
-      await expect(verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive({ pid: live.pid!, startedAt })).resolves.toBe(true);
-      const recycled = new Date(observed.getTime() + 5_000).toISOString();
-      await expect(verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive({ pid: live.pid!, startedAt: recycled })).resolves.toBe(false);
+      await expect(recoveryProcessMayBeAlive({ pid: live.pid!, startedAt })).resolves.toBe(true);
+      // The live PID started definitely after the recorded runner: reused, so gone.
+      const recycled = new Date(observed.getTime() - 5_000).toISOString();
+      await expect(recoveryProcessMayBeAlive({ pid: live.pid!, startedAt: recycled })).resolves.toBe(false);
+      // A live PID that started before the recorded runner is an inconsistent
+      // stamp (shared prover), never exit evidence.
+      const inconsistent = new Date(observed.getTime() + 5_000).toISOString();
+      await expect(recoveryProcessMayBeAlive({ pid: live.pid!, startedAt: inconsistent })).resolves.toBe(true);
     } finally {
       const exited = once(live, "exit");
       live.kill("SIGKILL");
diff --git a/server/src/services/environment-cleanup-state.ts b/server/src/services/environment-cleanup-state.ts
index c281e19360c..a2c9e86dd7d 100644
--- a/server/src/services/environment-cleanup-state.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/environment-cleanup-state.ts
@@ -55,12 +55,13 @@ export function recoverableSandboxCreationCondition() {
   ));
 }
 
-/** A run lease the ownership settle moved to cleanup, before its first
+/** A run lease the ownership settle moved to cleanup (an orphaned active
+ * lease, or a retained orphan sandbox nothing references any more), before its first
  * cleanup attempt. Its holder is proven gone, so the first stop or teardown is
  * due now regardless of how recently the lease was used; a failed attempt
  * counts and the normal retry backoff applies from then on. */
 export function recoveredOrphanFirstAttemptSql() {
-  return sql`(${environmentLeases.failureReason} = 'orphaned_active_lease_recovered'
+  return sql`(${environmentLeases.failureReason} in ('orphaned_active_lease_recovered', 'retained_orphan_sandbox_released')
     or ${environmentLeases.metadata}->'sandboxStopAndRetain'->>'recoveredOrphanedRunLease' = 'true')
     and coalesce(${environmentLeases.metadata}->>'pendingCleanupRetryAttempts', '0') = '0'
     and coalesce(${environmentLeases.metadata}->>'pendingCleanupInFlight', 'false') <> 'true'`;
diff --git a/server/src/services/environment-retained-orphan-settlement.ts b/server/src/services/environment-retained-orphan-settlement.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..285952b4c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/environment-retained-orphan-settlement.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+import { and, eq, inArray, ne, notInArray, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { environmentLeases, heartbeatRuns, issueRecoveryActions, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { writeEnvironmentCleanup } from "./environment-cleanup-notifications.js";
+import { nativeWorkspaceExportPendingForLease } from "./native-runtime/native-workspace-finalization-state.js";
+import type { OwnerProof } from "./owner-proof.js";
+import type { InProgressRecord, SettleOutcome } from "./recovery/ownership-registry.js";
+import { hasRemoteTerminationReceipt } from "./remote-execution-termination.js";
+import { ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY } from "./sandbox-stop-and-retain.js";
+
+/** Failure reason on a retained orphan sandbox released for destruction. */
+export const RETAINED_ORPHAN_RELEASED_REASON = "retained_orphan_sandbox_released";
+
+const TERMINAL_RUN_STATUSES = ["succeeded", "failed", "cancelled", "timed_out", "interrupted"];
+/** Runs on the same issue that may still continue from this sandbox. */
+const OPEN_RUN_STATUSES = ["queued", "scheduled_retry", "running"];
+
+type LeaseRow = typeof environmentLeases.$inferSelect;
+
+/** A retained orphan: the ownership settle stopped and kept its sandbox, and
+ * the stop is confirmed. */
+export function retainedOrphanSandboxCondition() {
+  return and(eq(environmentLeases.status, "released"), eq(environmentLeases.cleanupStatus, "success"),
+    // An ephemeral lease only: a reusable lease stays for warm reuse, and a
+    // retain-on-failure lease belongs to workspace restore recovery.
+    eq(environmentLeases.leasePolicy, "ephemeral"),
+    sql`${environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId} is not null`, sql`${environmentLeases.provider} is not null`,
+    sql`${environmentLeases.providerLeaseId} is not null`,
+    sql`${environmentLeases.metadata} ? ${ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY}`,
+    sql`${environmentLeases.metadata} ? 'sandboxStopAndRetainReceipt'`);
+}
+
+/** SQL mirror of the "held only while the stop is a usable source" checks in
+ * `heldBy`, so a held orphan is not listed (and not polled) until its last
+ * reference clears or its retention window ends. The settle re-checks all of
+ * them, plus the pending native export, under the row lock. */
+function softlyHeldSql(now?: Date) {
+  const at = now ? sql`${now.toISOString()}::timestamptz` : sql`now()`;
+  const issue = sql`coalesce(run.native_issue_id, run.issue_id, ${environmentLeases.issueId})`;
+  return sql`(${environmentLeases.expiresAt} is null or ${environmentLeases.expiresAt} > ${at}) and (
+    exists (select 1 from issue_recovery_actions action, heartbeat_runs run
+      where run.id = ${environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId} and action.company_id = ${environmentLeases.companyId}
+      and action.source_issue_id = ${issue} and action.status not in ('resolved', 'cancelled'))
+    or exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs run, heartbeat_runs other
+      where run.id = ${environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId} and other.company_id = ${environmentLeases.companyId}
+      and other.id <> run.id and other.status in ('queued', 'scheduled_retry', 'running')
+      and (other.issue_id = ${issue} or other.native_issue_id = ${issue})))`;
+}
+
+function alwaysHeldSql() {
+  return sql`(${environmentLeases.metadata} ?| array['nativeWorkspaceExportResume', 'sandboxStopAndRetain',
+      'workspaceRestoreRecovery', 'workspaceRecoveryCleanup', 'runnerTaskSourceConsumer']
+    or coalesce(${environmentLeases.metadata}->>'pendingCleanupInFlight', 'false') = 'true'
+    or coalesce(${environmentLeases.metadata}#>>'{legacyShutdownWorkspaceSettlement,state}' = 'pending', false)
+    or exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs run where run.id = ${environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId}
+      and run.status not in ('succeeded', 'failed', 'cancelled', 'timed_out', 'interrupted'))
+    -- A prepared native workspace bound to this exact sandbox, for a run with
+    -- workspace access. This is deliberately no wider than the settle's own
+    -- export check: an orphan the settle would release must never be hidden
+    -- here. Narrower cases (a prepared remote workspace, an observed failure)
+    -- are listed and held by the settle until their export settles.
+    -- The descriptor must also be one the settle's reader accepts
+    -- (readNativeWorkspaceSyncReference); an invalid one holds nothing.
+    or exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs run where run.id = ${environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId}
+      and run.runtime_mode = 'native'
+      and run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,schema}' in
+        ('paperclip.native-workspace-sync/v1', 'paperclip.native-workspace-sync/v2', 'paperclip.native-workspace-sync/v3')
+      and run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,state}' = 'prepared'
+      and coalesce(run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,descriptorSha256}' ~ '^[0-9a-f]{64}$', false)
+      and coalesce(run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,baselineSha256}' ~ '^[0-9a-f]{64}$', false)
+      and coalesce(jsonb_typeof(run.runner_profile_json#>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,finalHostSha256}'), 'null') = 'null'
+      and jsonb_typeof(run.runner_profile_json#>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,workspaceId}') = 'string'
+      and jsonb_typeof(run.runner_profile_json#>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,remoteCwd}') = 'string'
+      and coalesce(run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,resourceDisposition}', 'destroy')
+        in ('keep_running', 'stop_and_retain', 'destroy')
+      and run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,leaseId}' = ${environmentLeases.id}::text
+      and run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeWorkspaceSync,providerLeaseId}' = ${environmentLeases.providerLeaseId}
+      and coalesce(run.runner_profile_json#>>'{nativeExecutionInput,workspace,access}', '') <> 'none')
+    or exists (select 1 from environment_leases other where other.id <> ${environmentLeases.id}
+      and other.provider = ${environmentLeases.provider} and other.provider_lease_id = ${environmentLeases.providerLeaseId}
+      and other.status in ('active', 'retained', 'pending_cleanup')))`;
+}
+
+/** Retained orphans that nothing appears to reference now. */
+// The listing is built once, so it reads the database clock.
+export function releasableRetainedOrphanCondition(now?: Date) {
+  return and(retainedOrphanSandboxCondition(), sql`not ${alwaysHeldSql()}`, sql`not (${softlyHeldSql(now)})`);
+}
+
+/** When the next retained orphan's retention window ends while only soft
+ * references hold it; the reconciler wakes then to release it. */
+export async function nextRetainedOrphanDueAt(db: Db, now: Date): Promise<Date | null> {
+  const [row] = await db.select({ due: sql<string | null>`min(${environmentLeases.expiresAt})` }).from(environmentLeases)
+    .where(and(retainedOrphanSandboxCondition(), sql`not ${alwaysHeldSql()}`, sql`${softlyHeldSql(now)}`,
+      sql`${environmentLeases.expiresAt} is not null`));
+  return row?.due ? new Date(row.due) : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Settle of the `environment_retained_orphan_sandbox` kind (plan Phase 2).
+ *
+ * The orphaned-run-lease settle stops a dead holder's sandbox and keeps it,
+ * because recovery may still need its files. This settle destroys that
+ * retained orphan once no obligation references it, so it is never kept
+ * longer than the environment's own retention allows.
+ *
+ * It decides from database facts only, inside one transaction that locks the
+ * lease row:
+ * - the run is terminal;
+ * - always held: an active operation on the sandbox (a native export resume,
+ *   a stop-and-retain intent, an in-flight cleanup claim, a workspace restore
+ *   recovery, a pending legacy shutdown fence, a bound source-recovery
+ *   consumer) or another live lease on the same provider resource;
+ * - always held: a pending native workspace export or preservation fence;
+ * - held while the stop receipt is still a usable workspace source (the
+ *   lease's provider-attested `expiresAt` has not passed): an open recovery
+ *   action on the issue, or a queued, scheduled or running run on the issue. Past that
+ *   retention window no recovery path accepts the stopped sandbox as a source
+ *   (`hasConfirmedSandboxStopAndRetain`), so these no longer hold it.
+ *
+ * Then it hands the sandbox to the pending-cleanup sweep for destruction,
+ * with a compare-and-swap on the exact row it judged. It never calls a
+ * provider itself and never runs on the turn path.
+ */
+export async function settleRetainedOrphanSandbox(db: Db, record: InProgressRecord,
+  context: { now: Date; proof: OwnerProof }): Promise<SettleOutcome> {
+  if (!record.runId) return { settled: false, reason: "lease_has_no_run" };
+  const runId = record.runId;
+  return db.transaction(async transaction => {
+    const tx = transaction as unknown as Db;
+    const [lease] = await tx.select().from(environmentLeases).where(and(eq(environmentLeases.id, record.recordId),
+      eq(environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId, runId), eq(environmentLeases.status, "released"),
+      eq(environmentLeases.cleanupStatus, "success"))).for("update");
+    if (!lease || !hasRemoteTerminationReceipt(lease) || lease.leasePolicy !== "ephemeral" || !lease.metadata?.[ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY]
+      || !lease.provider || !lease.providerLeaseId) {
+      return { settled: false, reason: "no_longer_a_retained_orphan" };
+    }
+    const held = await heldBy(tx, lease, runId, context.now);
+    if (held) return { settled: false, reason: held };
+    const now = context.now;
+    // The destroy is queued through the recognized stopped-cleanup contract
+    // (`workspaceRecoveryCleanup` with the verified stop receipt), so admission
+    // and Retry keep treating the sandbox as stopped while it waits.
+    const released = await writeEnvironmentCleanup(tx, write => write.update(environmentLeases).set({
+      status: "pending_cleanup", cleanupStatus: "failed",
+      failureReason: RETAINED_ORPHAN_RELEASED_REASON, updatedAt: now,
+      metadata: sql`(${environmentLeases.metadata} - 'remoteExecutionTermination') || ${JSON.stringify({
+        workspaceRecoveryCleanup: { runId, stopReceipt: lease.metadata?.remoteExecutionTermination,
+          reason: RETAINED_ORPHAN_RELEASED_REASON, releasedAt: now.toISOString(), ownerProof: context.proof.reason },
+        pendingCleanupInFlight: false, pendingCleanupRetryAfterMs: 0, pendingCleanupRetryAttempts: 0,
+        pendingCleanupLeaseExpiresAtMs: 0 })}::jsonb`,
+    }).where(and(eq(environmentLeases.id, lease.id), eq(environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId, runId),
+      eq(environmentLeases.status, "released"), eq(environmentLeases.cleanupStatus, "success"),
+      sql`${environmentLeases.metadata} = ${JSON.stringify(lease.metadata)}::jsonb`))
+      .returning({ id: environmentLeases.id }), { companyId: lease.companyId, runId, leaseId: lease.id });
+    return released.length ? { settled: true, reason: context.proof.reason } : { settled: false, reason: "lease_changed_since_proof" };
+  });
+}
+
+async function heldBy(tx: Db, lease: LeaseRow, runId: string, now: Date): Promise<string | null> {
+  const metadata = lease.metadata ?? {};
+  const [run] = await tx.select({ status: heartbeatRuns.status, issueId: heartbeatRuns.issueId,
+    nativeIssueId: heartbeatRuns.nativeIssueId }).from(heartbeatRuns).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+  if (run && !TERMINAL_RUN_STATUSES.includes(run.status)) return "run_active";
+
+  // Always held: an operation on this sandbox is still in progress.
+  if (metadata.nativeWorkspaceExportResume !== undefined) return "native_export_resume";
+  if (metadata.sandboxStopAndRetain !== undefined) return "stop_and_retain_intent";
+  if (metadata.pendingCleanupInFlight === true) return "cleanup_claim_in_flight";
+  if (metadata.workspaceRestoreRecovery !== undefined) return "workspace_restore_recovery";
+  if (metadata.workspaceRecoveryCleanup !== undefined) return "workspace_recovery_cleanup";
+  if (metadata.runnerTaskSourceConsumer !== undefined) return "source_recovery_consumer";
+  const shutdown = metadata.legacyShutdownWorkspaceSettlement as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+  if (shutdown?.state === "pending") return "legacy_shutdown_fence";
+  const [other] = await tx.select({ id: environmentLeases.id }).from(environmentLeases).where(and(
+    ne(environmentLeases.id, lease.id), eq(environmentLeases.provider, lease.provider!),
+    eq(environmentLeases.providerLeaseId, lease.providerLeaseId!),
+    inArray(environmentLeases.status, ["active", "retained", "pending_cleanup"]))).limit(1);
+  if (other) return "provider_resource_shared";
+
+  // A pending native export is an active preservation operation; the cleanup
+  // sweep would defer the destroy anyway, so it always holds the sandbox.
+  if (await nativeWorkspaceExportPendingForLease(tx, lease)) return "workspace_preservation_pending";
+  // Held only while the stopped sandbox is still a usable workspace source.
+  if (lease.expiresAt && lease.expiresAt <= now) return null;
+  const issueId = run?.nativeIssueId ?? run?.issueId ?? lease.issueId;
+  if (!issueId) return null;
+  const [action] = await tx.select({ id: issueRecoveryActions.id }).from(issueRecoveryActions).where(and(
+    eq(issueRecoveryActions.companyId, lease.companyId), eq(issueRecoveryActions.sourceIssueId, issueId),
+    notInArray(issueRecoveryActions.status, ["resolved", "cancelled"]))).limit(1);
+  if (action) return "recovery_action_open";
+  const [next] = await tx.select({ id: heartbeatRuns.id }).from(heartbeatRuns).where(and(
+    eq(heartbeatRuns.companyId, lease.companyId), ne(heartbeatRuns.id, runId),
+    inArray(heartbeatRuns.status, OPEN_RUN_STATUSES),
+    sql`(${heartbeatRuns.issueId} = ${issueId} or ${heartbeatRuns.nativeIssueId} = ${issueId})`)).limit(1);
+  if (next) return "issue_run_pending";
+  return null;
+}
diff --git a/server/src/services/environment-run-lease-settlement.ts b/server/src/services/environment-run-lease-settlement.ts
index fb1c79a471e..f6020a1ed6f 100644
--- a/server/src/services/environment-run-lease-settlement.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/environment-run-lease-settlement.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { and, eq, inArray, ne, notInArray, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { environmentLeases, environments, heartbeatRuns, nativeRunFinalizations, nativeRunResults, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
 import { currentControllerBootId } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
 import { writeEnvironmentCleanup } from "./environment-cleanup-notifications.js";
+import { pendingCleanupMetadataObjectSql } from "./environment-cleanup-state.js";
 import { readEnvironmentLeaseController } from "./environment-lease-controller.js";
 import { allowLegacyShutdownWorkspaceCleanup } from "./legacy-shutdown-workspace-settlement.js";
 import { nativeWorkspaceExportPendingForLease } from "./native-runtime/native-workspace-finalization-state.js";
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ export async function settleEnvironmentRunLease(db: Db, record: InProgressRecord
     const flipped = await writeEnvironmentCleanup(tx, write => write.update(environmentLeases)
       .set({ status: "pending_cleanup", failureReason: ORPHANED_RUN_LEASE_FAILURE_REASON,
         // When the first cleanup attempt became due (the row keeps updatedAt).
-        metadata: sql`coalesce(${environmentLeases.metadata}, '{}'::jsonb) || ${JSON.stringify({
+        // A scalar or array root reads as an empty object, so the key is top level.
+        metadata: sql`${pendingCleanupMetadataObjectSql()} || ${JSON.stringify({
           pendingCleanupRecoveredAtMs: context.now.getTime() })}::jsonb` })
       .where(and(eq(environmentLeases.id, lease.id), eq(environmentLeases.status, "active"),
         eq(environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId, runId),
diff --git a/server/src/services/heartbeat.ts b/server/src/services/heartbeat.ts
index ad1a131686d..785f697d1fe 100644
--- a/server/src/services/heartbeat.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/heartbeat.ts
@@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ import {
 import { buildHeartbeatRunStatusLiveEventPayload } from "./heartbeat-run-status-payload.js";
 export { buildHeartbeatRunStatusLiveEventPayload } from "./heartbeat-run-status-payload.js";
 import { StaleExecutionContinuationError } from "./execution-continuation.js";
+import { deferUndeliveredCommentsOfStaleRun } from "./heartbeat/stale-comment-continuation.js";
 import { renderPaperclipWakePrompt } from "@paperclipai/adapter-utils/server-utils";
 
 import {
@@ -3796,6 +3797,12 @@ export function heartbeatService(
         // The queued continuation became obsolete before adapter dispatch.
         // Use cancellation settlement so wakeup, issue ownership, agent state,
         // and notifications agree; do not retry work for the previous owner.
+        // A user's message it carried that no run read is saved first, so the
+        // release reopens the finished task for it (work-intent outbox). If
+        // this fast path fails or the closing run has not settled yet, the
+        // ownership reconciler saves it once that run settles.
+        await deferUndeliveredCommentsOfStaleRun(db, run).catch(err =>
+          logger.warn({ err, runId: run.id }, "could not save the messages of a stale continuation"));
         await cancelRunInternal(run.id, outerErr.code, {
           errorCode: outerErr.code,
           eventMessage: "stale execution continuation cancelled before dispatch",
diff --git a/server/src/services/heartbeat/queue.ts b/server/src/services/heartbeat/queue.ts
index 73dec05433f..0f0ebdf8f7d 100644
--- a/server/src/services/heartbeat/queue.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/heartbeat/queue.ts
@@ -1779,8 +1779,10 @@ export function createHeartbeatQueue(db: Db, dependencies: HeartbeatQueueDepende
         // which resumes through its own live authorization), and only pauses
         // this query can see lifted. A refusal by any other gate rewrites the
         // receipt's reason, so it never retries in a loop here.
-        sql`${agentWakeupRequests.payload}->'executionWait'->>'trigger' = 'pause_lifted'`,
-        sql`${agentWakeupRequests.payload}->'executionWait'->>'reason' in ('company.inactive', 'agent.not_invokable')`,
+        // A message the reconciler saved after its wake was lost waits on no
+        // hold, so the same explicit wake sends it.
+        sql`${agentWakeupRequests.payload}->'executionWait'->>'trigger' in ('pause_lifted', 'reconciler_backstop')`,
+        sql`${agentWakeupRequests.payload}->'executionWait'->>'reason' in ('company.inactive', 'agent.not_invokable', 'wake_lost')`,
         eq(agentWakeupRequests.requestedByActorType, "user"),
         sql`coalesce(${agentWakeupRequests.idempotencyKey}, '') not like 'chat-inbound:%'`,
         sql`exists (select 1 from agents pause_agent where pause_agent.id = ${agentWakeupRequests.agentId}
diff --git a/server/src/services/heartbeat/stale-comment-continuation.ts b/server/src/services/heartbeat/stale-comment-continuation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bedd51564e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/heartbeat/stale-comment-continuation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { agentWakeupRequests, heartbeatRuns, issueComments, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { and, eq, inArray, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { saveUndeliveredUserComments, taskClosedByAgentSql } from "../work-intent-outbox.js";
+
+const UUID = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/i;
+
+/**
+ * Work-intent outbox (invariant 4). A user's message can wake its own queued
+ * run while an earlier run of the task is still finishing. When that earlier
+ * run completes the task first, the queued run reaches a done task and is
+ * cancelled as a stale continuation before dispatch, but the earlier run never
+ * read the message. Cancelling it alone would drop the message (chaos
+ * s9401/t72).
+ *
+ * Before that cancellation, the message's undelivered comments are saved as a
+ * deferred receipt of the same user. The run's cancellation releases the task,
+ * and the release drain reopens the done task for the user's message and
+ * delivers it once. Only a task that an agent run completed without reading
+ * the message qualifies: that run started before the comment and succeeded
+ * after it. A task a person marked done ends the message's intent.
+ * Returns the saved receipt id, or null when nothing is owed.
+ */
+export async function deferUndeliveredCommentsOfStaleRun(db: Db, run: typeof heartbeatRuns.$inferSelect): Promise<string | null> {
+  const context = run.contextSnapshot && typeof run.contextSnapshot === "object" ? run.contextSnapshot as Record<string, unknown> : {};
+  const issueId = typeof context.issueId === "string" ? context.issueId : null;
+  const commentIds = Array.isArray(context.wakeCommentIds)
+    ? context.wakeCommentIds.filter((id): id is string => typeof id === "string" && UUID.test(id)) : [];
+  if (!issueId || !UUID.test(issueId) || commentIds.length === 0) return null;
+  const unread = await db.select({ id: issueComments.id }).from(issueComments).where(and(
+    eq(issueComments.companyId, run.companyId), eq(issueComments.issueId, issueId), inArray(issueComments.id, commentIds),
+    sql`exists (select 1 from ${heartbeatRuns} completing where completing.company_id = ${run.companyId}
+      and completing.agent_id = ${run.agentId} and completing.id <> ${run.id} and completing.status = 'succeeded'
+      and (completing.context_snapshot->>'issueId' = ${issueId} or completing.native_issue_id = ${issueId})
+      and completing.started_at < ${issueComments.createdAt} and completing.finished_at >= ${issueComments.createdAt})`));
+  const owed = commentIds.filter(id => unread.some(row => row.id === id));
+  if (owed.length === 0) return null;
+  // An overlapping run is not proof the agent closed the task: a person can
+  // mark it done while that run finishes. Only an agent-made close reopens.
+  const [closed] = await db.execute<{ byAgent: boolean }>(sql`select ${taskClosedByAgentSql(run.companyId, issueId)} as "byAgent"`);
+  if (closed?.byAgent !== true) return null;
+  const [wake] = run.wakeupRequestId ? await db.select().from(agentWakeupRequests)
+    .where(and(eq(agentWakeupRequests.companyId, run.companyId), eq(agentWakeupRequests.id, run.wakeupRequestId))) : [];
+  return saveUndeliveredUserComments(db, { companyId: run.companyId, issueId, agentId: run.agentId, commentIds: owed,
+    allowedStatuses: ["done"], requestedByActorId: wake?.requestedByActorType === "user" ? wake.requestedByActorId : null,
+    source: wake?.source, triggerDetail: wake?.triggerDetail });
+}
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.test.ts b/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1b649ba7c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { hostname } from "node:os";
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { agents, companies, createDb, heartbeatRuns } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { getEmbeddedPostgresTestSupport, startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase } from "../__tests__/helpers/embedded-postgres.js";
+import { currentProcessSpaceHash, currentProcessStartedAtMs } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
+import { appendHeartbeatRunEvent } from "./heartbeat-run-events.js";
+import { PROCESS_IDENTITY_RECORDED, recordedLocalExecutionStopped } from "./native-local-process-stop.js";
+
+const support = await getEmbeddedPostgresTestSupport();
+
+// Phase 2: a bound local execution is judged by the shared prover
+// (proveOwnerGone), in the PID space the row recorded.
+(support.supported ? describe : describe.skip)("recordedLocalExecutionStopped", () => {
+  let database: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase>>;
+  let db: ReturnType<typeof createDb>;
+  let companyId: string;
+  let agentId: string;
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    database = await startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase("native-local-stop-");
+    db = createDb(database.connectionString, { maxConnections: 2 });
+    companyId = randomUUID(); agentId = randomUUID();
+    await db.insert(companies).values({ id: companyId, name: "Local stop", issuePrefix: `L${companyId.slice(0, 7)}` });
+    await db.insert(agents).values({ id: agentId, companyId, name: "Agent", role: "general", adapterType: "codex_local",
+      status: "idle" });
+  }, 60_000);
+  afterAll(async () => { await db?.$client.end({ timeout: 1 }); await database?.cleanup(); });
+
+  /** A failed run with its process identity bound by the launch event. */
+  async function execution(input: { pid: number; startedAt: Date; processHostHash: string | null }) {
+    const [run] = await db.insert(heartbeatRuns).values({ companyId, agentId, status: "failed", runtimeMode: "native",
+      processPid: input.pid, processGroupId: input.pid, processStartedAt: input.startedAt,
+      processHostHash: input.processHostHash }).returning();
+    await appendHeartbeatRunEvent(db, { companyId, runId: run!.id, agentId, eventType: PROCESS_IDENTITY_RECORDED,
+      payload: { targetKind: "local", hostname: hostname(), processPid: input.pid, processGroupId: input.pid,
+        processStartedAt: input.startedAt.toISOString() } });
+    return run!;
+  }
+  const deadPid = 2_000_000_001;
+  const minuteAgo = () => new Date(Date.now() - 60_000);
+  const ownStart = async () => new Date((await currentProcessStartedAtMs())!);
+
+  it("is stopped when its dead PID was recorded in this PID space", async () => {
+    expect(await recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db, await execution({ pid: deadPid, startedAt: minuteAgo(),
+      processHostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash() }))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("is never stopped by a dead PID recorded in another PID space", async () => {
+    expect(await recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db, await execution({ pid: deadPid, startedAt: minuteAgo(),
+      processHostHash: "another-pid-space" }))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the host-bound proof for a row saved before its PID space", async () => {
+    expect(await recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db, await execution({ pid: deadPid, startedAt: minuteAgo(),
+      processHostHash: null }))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("is not stopped while the same process is alive", async () => {
+    expect(await recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db, await execution({ pid: process.pid, startedAt: await ownStart(),
+      processHostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash() }))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("is stopped when a later process reused its PID and leads the group", async () => {
+    // This test process started definitely after the recorded execution.
+    const recorded = new Date((await ownStart()).getTime() - 5_000);
+    // A group with this id is either empty or led by this later process, so
+    // it cannot hold the recorded execution's children.
+    expect(await recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db, await execution({ pid: process.pid, startedAt: recorded,
+      processHostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash() }))).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.ts b/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.ts
index 5999ea523b6..47f4055bf11 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-local-process-stop.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import { DELIVERY_QUEUES, notifyDeliveryWork } from "./delivery-work-notificatio
 import { nativeSessionProviderEvidence } from "./native-runtime/native-session-resume.js";
 import { hasRemoteTerminationReceipt } from "./remote-execution-termination.js";
 import os from "node:os";
+import { currentProcessSpaceHash } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
+import { proveOwnerGone } from "./owner-proof.js";
 
 export const PROCESS_START_REQUESTED = "native.process_start_requested";
 export const PROCESS_IDENTITY_RECORDED = "native.process_identity_recorded";
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ function absent(pid: number): boolean {
 /** A fresh workspace is not process containment. Bind an OS observation to
  * the original host, process birth, and launch event before accepting it. */
 export async function recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db: Db, run: Pick<typeof heartbeatRuns.$inferSelect,
-  "id" | "companyId" | "processPid" | "processGroupId" | "processStartedAt">) {
+  "id" | "companyId" | "processPid" | "processGroupId" | "processStartedAt"> & { processHostHash?: string | null }) {
   const [identity] = await db.select({ eventType: heartbeatRunEvents.eventType, payload: heartbeatRunEvents.payload }).from(heartbeatRunEvents).where(and(
     eq(heartbeatRunEvents.companyId, run.companyId), eq(heartbeatRunEvents.runId, run.id),
     inArray(heartbeatRunEvents.eventType, [PROCESS_START_REQUESTED, PROCESS_IDENTITY_RECORDED]),
@@ -36,8 +38,15 @@ export async function recordedLocalExecutionStopped(db: Db, run: Pick<typeof hea
   if (identity?.eventType !== PROCESS_IDENTITY_RECORDED || recorded?.targetKind !== "local" || recorded.hostname !== os.hostname() ||
       recorded.processPid !== run.processPid || recorded.processGroupId !== run.processGroupId ||
       !run.processStartedAt || recorded.processStartedAt !== run.processStartedAt.toISOString()) return false;
-  return Boolean(run.processPid && absent(run.processPid) &&
-    (!run.processGroupId || absent(-run.processGroupId)));
+  if (!run.processPid) return false;
+  // The shared prover judges the bound identity: the PID is dead or reused by
+  // a later process, and its group is empty or led by a later process. The
+  // recorded PID space is used when the row has one; older rows were bound to
+  // this host by the launch event above.
+  const proof = await proveOwnerGone({ kind: "local", scope: "native_local_process", generation: null, host: null,
+    processSpace: run.processHostHash ?? currentProcessSpaceHash(), bootId: null, pid: run.processPid,
+    processStartedAt: run.processStartedAt.toISOString(), processGroupId: run.processGroupId });
+  return proof.verdict === "gone";
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.test.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.test.ts
index 11dd4d5aa13..2bf19985fdc 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.test.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
 import { startEmbeddedPostgresTestDatabase } from "../../__tests__/helpers/embedded-postgres.js";
 import { agentExecutionsHaveStopped } from "../agent-execution-stop.js";
 import { readProcessStartedAt } from "../hot-restart.js";
+import { currentProcessSpaceHash } from "../controller-process-identity.js";
 import { DELIVERY_QUEUES } from "../delivery-work-notifications.js";
 import { environmentService } from "../environments.js";
 import { executionControlSchedule } from "../execution-control-work.js";
@@ -254,6 +255,32 @@ describe("failed native run owner release", () => {
     }
   });
 
+  // Phase 2: run processes and controllers are judged by the shared prover.
+  it("never releases on a dead PID recorded in another PID space", async () => {
+    const { runId } = await nativeRun({ status: "failed", errorCode: "adapter_failed",
+      coordinator: { leaseOwner: `default:resume:${randomUUID()}`, leaseExpiresAt: new Date(0) } });
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ processPid: 2_000_000_001, processGroupId: null,
+      processStartedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000), processHostHash: "another-pid-space" })
+      .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    await expect(releaseAbandonedNativeOwners(db)).resolves.toBe(0);
+    expect(await coordinator(runId)).toMatchObject({ phase: "observed" });
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ processHostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash() }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    await expect(releaseAbandonedNativeOwners(db)).resolves.toBe(1);
+    expect(await db.select().from(activityLog).where(and(eq(activityLog.runId, runId),
+      eq(activityLog.action, "legacy_host_unknown_dead_pid_proof")))).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the one-release fallback for a run process saved before its PID space, and records it", async () => {
+    const { runId } = await nativeRun({ status: "failed", errorCode: "adapter_failed",
+      coordinator: { leaseOwner: `default:resume:${randomUUID()}`, leaseExpiresAt: new Date(0) } });
+    await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ processPid: 2_000_000_001, processGroupId: null,
+      processStartedAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000), processHostHash: null }).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, runId));
+    await expect(releaseAbandonedNativeOwners(db)).resolves.toBe(1);
+    const proofs = await db.select().from(activityLog).where(and(eq(activityLog.runId, runId),
+      eq(activityLog.action, "legacy_host_unknown_dead_pid_proof")));
+    expect(proofs.map(proof => proof.details)).toEqual([{ reason: "pid_dead", source: "native_failed_run_process" }]);
+  });
+
   // `ps -o lstart` on macOS reports whole seconds, while a recorded start can
   // carry milliseconds. A sub-second gap must not be read as a recycled PID.
   it.each(["controller", "run process"])("keeps the owner when the live %s start time differs by under a second", async (holder) => {
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.ts
index 3ea34cda26b..ef7ddff6456 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-failed-run-owner-release.ts
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ import { and, asc, eq, gt, inArray, isNotNull, isNull, lte, or, sql } from "driz
 import { environmentLeases, heartbeatRuns, issues, nativeRunFinalizations, nativeRunResults, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
 import { logger } from "../../middleware/logger.js";
 import { adapterExecutionControls } from "../adapter-execution-control.js";
-import { processExists, processStartsDefinitelyDiffer } from "../controller-process-identity.js";
+import { proveOwnerGone, type LocalOwnerStamp } from "../owner-proof.js";
 import { logActivity, publishActivity, type ActivityPublication } from "../activity-log.js";
 import { DELIVERY_QUEUES, notifyDeliveryWork } from "../delivery-work-notifications.js";
 import { notifyExecutionRunWork } from "../execution-control-notifications.js";
-import { readProcessStartedAt } from "../hot-restart.js";
 import { notifyNativeFinalizationWork } from "../native-finalization-notifications.js";
 import { LEGACY_WORKSPACE_RECOVERY_KEY } from "../workspace-restore-recovery-state.js";
 import { activeNativeExecutionRunIds } from "./native-active-runs.js";
-import { isCurrentNativeControllerProcess } from "./native-restart-recovery.js";
+import { isCurrentNativeControllerProcess, recordLegacyHostFallbackProof } from "./native-restart-recovery.js";
+import { nativeControllerOwnerStamp, runProcessOwnerStamp } from "./native-owner-stamps.js";
 
 /**
  * A native run can fail outside the native session executor: environment lease
@@ -85,51 +85,48 @@ export async function nextAbandonedNativeOwnerReleaseAt(db: Db): Promise<Date |
   return row?.at ?? null;
 }
 
-function processAbsent(pid: number): boolean {
-  return !processExists(pid);
-}
+/** A proof that used the one-release fallback for a row saved before its PID
+ * space was recorded; each is logged once the release commits. */
+type FallbackUse = { reason: string; source: string };
 
-/** True unless the recorded process is gone or provably a different process. */
-async function recordedProcessMayBeLive(pid: number | null, startedAt: Date | null): Promise<boolean> {
-  if (!pid || processAbsent(pid)) return false;
-  if (!startedAt) return true;
-  const observed = await readProcessStartedAt(pid).catch(() => null);
-  return !processStartsDefinitelyDiffer(startedAt, observed);
+/** True unless the shared prover proves the stamped owner gone. Only a `gone`
+ * verdict releases: a live, unprovable or foreign-space owner may be live. */
+async function ownerMayBeLive(stamp: LocalOwnerStamp, source: string, fallbacks: FallbackUse[]): Promise<boolean> {
+  const proof = await proveOwnerGone(stamp);
+  if (proof.verdict !== "gone") return true;
+  if (proof.legacyHostFallback) fallbacks.push({ reason: proof.reason, source });
+  return false;
 }
 
 /**
  * The run-level process evidence `agentExecutionsHaveStopped` requires. This
- * process answers for itself from its in-memory execution registries.
+ * process answers for itself from its in-memory execution registries; a
+ * recorded adapter process (PID and group) is judged by the shared prover.
  */
-async function runProcessMayBeLive(run: Run, now: Date): Promise<boolean> {
+async function runProcessMayBeLive(run: Run, now: Date, fallbacks: FallbackUse[]): Promise<boolean> {
   if (adapterExecutionControls.has(run.id) || activeNativeExecutionRunIds.has(run.id)) return true;
   if (run.controllerLeaseExpiresAt && run.controllerLeaseExpiresAt > now) return true;
-  // Same process identity rule as `agentExecutionsHaveStopped`: a recorded PID
-  // that now has another start time was recycled, and so was its own group.
-  let processAlive = Boolean(run.processPid && !processAbsent(run.processPid));
-  let groupAlive = Boolean(run.processGroupId && !processAbsent(-run.processGroupId));
-  if (processAlive && run.processStartedAt) {
-    const observed = await readProcessStartedAt(run.processPid!).catch(() => null);
-    if (processStartsDefinitelyDiffer(run.processStartedAt, observed)) {
-      processAlive = false;
-      if (run.processGroupId === run.processPid) groupAlive = false;
-    }
-  }
-  return processAlive || groupAlive;
+  if (!run.processPid && !run.processGroupId) return false;
+  return ownerMayBeLive(runProcessOwnerStamp(run, "native_failed_run_process", { legacyFallback: true }),
+    "native_failed_run_process", fallbacks);
 }
 
 /** An expired owner's recorded controller, unless this process is that controller. */
-async function controllerMayBeLive(coordinator: Coordinator): Promise<boolean> {
+async function controllerMayBeLive(coordinator: Coordinator, fallbacks: FallbackUse[]): Promise<boolean> {
   if (isCurrentNativeControllerProcess(coordinator)) return false;
   // A previous boot of this process can share its PID, but cannot be its controller.
   if (coordinator.controllerPid === process.pid) return false;
-  return recordedProcessMayBeLive(coordinator.controllerPid, coordinator.controllerProcessStartedAt);
+  if (!coordinator.controllerPid) return false;
+  // Not this boot (checked above), so the prover must not treat its boot id as live.
+  return ownerMayBeLive({ ...nativeControllerOwnerStamp(coordinator, "native_failed_run_controller"), bootId: null },
+    "native_failed_run_controller", fallbacks);
 }
 
 async function settleFailedRunOwner(db: Db, release: Release, now: Date): Promise<boolean> {
   const publications: ActivityPublication[] = [];
   const settled = await db.transaction(async transaction => {
     const tx = transaction as unknown as Db;
+    const fallbacks: FallbackUse[] = [];
     await tx.execute(sql`select set_config('statement_timeout', '15000', true), set_config('lock_timeout', '1000', true)`);
     const [binding] = await tx.select({ companyId: nativeRunFinalizations.companyId, issueId: nativeRunFinalizations.issueId })
       .from(nativeRunFinalizations).where(eq(nativeRunFinalizations.runId, release.runId));
@@ -151,8 +148,9 @@ async function settleFailedRunOwner(db: Db, release: Release, now: Date): Promis
         || run.resultJson?.[LEGACY_WORKSPACE_RECOVERY_KEY] != null) return false;
       const [heldElsewhere] = await tx.select({ id: heartbeatRuns.id }).from(heartbeatRuns)
         .where(and(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, run.id), or(unsettledRunEnvironmentLease, pendingNativeStop))).limit(1);
-      if (heldElsewhere || await runProcessMayBeLive(run, now) || await controllerMayBeLive(coordinator)) return false;
-    } else if (await runProcessMayBeLive(run, now)) {
+      if (heldElsewhere || await runProcessMayBeLive(run, now, fallbacks)
+        || await controllerMayBeLive(coordinator, fallbacks)) return false;
+    } else if (await runProcessMayBeLive(run, now, fallbacks)) {
       // The claim never reached the executor, but the run may still own a local process.
       return false;
     }
@@ -194,6 +192,9 @@ async function settleFailedRunOwner(db: Db, release: Release, now: Date): Promis
     if (!updated) return false;
     await tx.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ nativePhase: "terminal_failure", nativePhaseUpdatedAt: now, updatedAt: now })
       .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, run.id));
+    for (const use of fallbacks) {
+      await recordLegacyHostFallbackProof(tx, run, { allowed: true, reason: use.reason, legacyHostFallback: true }, use.source);
+    }
     await logActivity(tx, {
       companyId: run.companyId, actorType: "system", actorId: ACTOR_ID,
       action: "native.failed_run_owner_released", entityType: "heartbeat_run", entityId: run.id,
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-finalization-reconciler.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-finalization-reconciler.ts
index 45e15f3feb7..7e22e0c20bf 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-finalization-reconciler.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-finalization-reconciler.ts
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@ import type { createDeliveryWorkCoordinator } from "../delivery-work-coordinator
 import {
   createOwnershipReportState,
   DEFERRED_INTENT_NOT_PROMOTED,
+  USER_COMMENT_DROPPED_BY_STALE_RUN,
+  USER_COMMENT_WITHOUT_WAKE,
   ownershipReportFingerprint,
   recheckSettlingKinds,
   runOwnershipReconciliationPass,
   type OwnershipReport,
 } from "../recovery/ownership-invariant-report.js";
-import { promoteDeferredWorkIntents } from "../work-intent-outbox.js";
+import { deferredWorkIntentWait, promoteDeferredWorkIntents, saveUndeliveredUserComments } from "../work-intent-outbox.js";
 import { createHash, randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { and, asc, desc, eq, gt, inArray, isNotNull, isNull, lt, lte, not, notInArray, or, sql, type SQL } from "drizzle-orm";
 import type { Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
@@ -824,13 +826,37 @@ export const OWNERSHIP_REPORT_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000;
 /** Section E backstop: a deferred intent whose hold cleared without a
  * release event is promoted through the one promotion function. Promotion
  * re-runs normal admission, so a wrong report never bypasses a gate. */
-async function promoteMissedDeferredIntents(db: Db, report: OwnershipReport) {
+export async function applyOwnershipReportBackstops(db: Db, report: OwnershipReport): Promise<{ retryNeeded: boolean }> {
+  let retryNeeded = false;
+  // Rules: an undelivered user comment newer than the task's last run gets a
+  // wake, and a comment a stale continuation dropped reopens its done task.
+  // Save the missing outbox entry, then promote it.
+  for (const violation of report.violations.filter(row =>
+    row.reason === USER_COMMENT_WITHOUT_WAKE || row.reason === USER_COMMENT_DROPPED_BY_STALE_RUN)) {
+    if (!violation.companyId || !violation.issueId) continue;
+    const lost = violation.reason === USER_COMMENT_WITHOUT_WAKE;
+    try {
+      const [issue] = await db.select({ assigneeAgentId: issues.assigneeAgentId }).from(issues)
+        .where(and(eq(issues.companyId, violation.companyId), eq(issues.id, violation.issueId)));
+      if (!issue?.assigneeAgentId) continue;
+      const saved = await saveUndeliveredUserComments(db, { companyId: violation.companyId, issueId: violation.issueId,
+        agentId: issue.assigneeAgentId, commentIds: [violation.recordId], allowedStatuses: lost ? ["todo", "in_progress"] : ["done"],
+        ...(lost ? { executionWait: deferredWorkIntentWait("wake_lost", "This message's wake was lost; it is sent now.") } : {}) });
+      if (saved) await db.transaction(tx => promoteDeferredWorkIntents(tx, { companyId: violation.companyId!,
+        trigger: "reconciler_backstop", issueId: violation.issueId }));
+    } catch (error) {
+      // The message still has no saved receipt: keep a pass due.
+      retryNeeded = true;
+      logger.warn({ err: error, commentId: violation.recordId }, "could not save a user comment without a wake");
+    }
+  }
   const companies = new Set(report.violations.filter(violation => violation.reason === DEFERRED_INTENT_NOT_PROMOTED)
     .flatMap(violation => violation.companyId ? [violation.companyId] : []));
   for (const companyId of companies) {
     await db.transaction(tx => promoteDeferredWorkIntents(tx, { companyId, trigger: "reconciler_backstop" }))
-      .catch(error => logger.warn({ err: error, companyId }, "deferred intent backstop promotion failed"));
+      .catch(error => { retryNeeded = true; logger.warn({ err: error, companyId }, "deferred intent backstop promotion failed"); });
   }
+  return { retryNeeded };
 }
 
 export function registerOwnershipReconciliationWork(
@@ -895,12 +921,13 @@ export function registerOwnershipReconciliationWork(
       lastPassAt = Date.now();
       pendingWake = false;
       const report = await runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db, { state });
-      await promoteMissedDeferredIntents(db, report);
+      const backstop = await applyOwnershipReportBackstops(db, report);
       const fingerprint = ownershipReportFingerprint(report);
       const changing = report.inProgress > 0 && fingerprint !== lastFingerprint;
       // A settling kind's live owner can die without writing a signal, so
-      // keep one bounded re-check due while such records exist.
-      const fullPassDue = changing || report.awaitingSecondProof > 0 || report.retryNeeded;
+      // keep one bounded re-check due while such records exist. A backstop
+      // that could not save or promote keeps one due as well.
+      const fullPassDue = changing || report.awaitingSecondProof > 0 || report.retryNeeded || backstop.retryNeeded;
       watchOnly = !fullPassDue && report.settleWatch > 0;
       const followUp = fullPassDue || report.settleWatch > 0
         ? Date.now() + OWNERSHIP_REPORT_INTERVAL_MS : null;
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-owner-stamps.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-owner-stamps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8bd2bd9dfdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-owner-stamps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import type { heartbeatRuns, nativeRunFinalizations } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import type { LocalOwnerStamp } from "../owner-proof.js";
+
+/**
+ * Owner stamps for the native records that `proveOwnerGone` judges (plan
+ * Phase 2). The ownership registry and the native recovery paths build their
+ * stamps here, so one record has one proof.
+ */
+
+type ControllerRow = Pick<typeof nativeRunFinalizations.$inferSelect, "controllerBootId" | "controllerPid"
+  | "controllerProcessStartedAt"> & {
+  controllerHostHash?: string | null;
+  controllerGeneration?: number | null;
+};
+
+/** NRF records the controller's boot, PID, start time and, since #19868, its
+ * PID space (`controller_host_hash`). Rows saved before that keep the
+ * one-release local proof on single-host servers (`processSpaceUnrecorded`,
+ * recorded as `legacy_host_unknown_dead_pid_proof`, #19883). */
+export function nativeControllerOwnerStamp(row: ControllerRow, scope: string): LocalOwnerStamp {
+  return {
+    kind: "local", scope, generation: row.controllerGeneration ?? null, host: null,
+    processSpace: row.controllerHostHash ?? null,
+    processSpaceUnrecorded: row.controllerHostHash == null,
+    bootId: row.controllerBootId, pid: row.controllerPid,
+    processStartedAt: row.controllerProcessStartedAt?.toISOString() ?? null, processGroupId: null,
+  };
+}
+
+type RunProcessRow = Pick<typeof heartbeatRuns.$inferSelect, "processPid" | "processGroupId" | "processStartedAt"> & {
+  processHostHash?: string | null;
+};
+
+/** heartbeat_runs records the adapter child's PID, group, start time and,
+ * since #19871, its PID space (`process_host_hash`, or "remote" for a sandbox
+ * PID, which a local probe never judges). With `legacyFallback`, a row saved
+ * before that column keeps the one-release local proof; without it, such a row
+ * is unprovable. */
+export function runProcessOwnerStamp(row: RunProcessRow, scope: string,
+  options: { legacyFallback?: boolean } = {}): LocalOwnerStamp {
+  return {
+    kind: "local", scope, generation: null, host: null, processSpace: row.processHostHash ?? null,
+    ...(options.legacyFallback ? { processSpaceUnrecorded: row.processHostHash == null } : {}),
+    bootId: null, pid: row.processPid, processStartedAt: row.processStartedAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
+    processGroupId: row.processGroupId,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.test.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.test.ts
index 2e3d55ea235..3f88219608a 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.test.ts
@@ -270,6 +270,33 @@ describe("native controller takeover fencing", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  // Phase 2: the local branch is the shared prover (proveOwnerGone).
+  it("accepts a reused PID only when the live process started definitely later", async () => {
+    const live = { isProcessAlive: () => true };
+    await expect(evaluateNativeControllerTakeover({ owner: owner(), now, ...live,
+      readProcessStartedAt: async () => new Date(recordedStart.getTime() + 5_000) }))
+      .resolves.toEqual({ allowed: true, reason: "controller_pid_recycled" });
+    // An observed start before the recorded one is an inconsistent stamp,
+    // which the previous private proof accepted as recycled.
+    await expect(evaluateNativeControllerTakeover({ owner: owner(), now, ...live,
+      readProcessStartedAt: async () => new Date(recordedStart.getTime() - 5_000) }))
+      .resolves.toEqual({ allowed: false, reason: "controller_pid_start_inconsistent" });
+    // Within the 1 s precision window it is the same live controller.
+    await expect(evaluateNativeControllerTakeover({ owner: owner(), now, ...live,
+      readProcessStartedAt: async () => new Date(recordedStart.getTime() + 500) }))
+      .resolves.toEqual({ allowed: false, reason: "controller_still_alive" });
+    await expect(evaluateNativeControllerTakeover({ owner: owner(), now, ...live,
+      readProcessStartedAt: async () => null }))
+      .resolves.toEqual({ allowed: false, reason: "controller_still_alive" });
+  });
+
+  it("judges a controller recorded in this PID space, and keeps the operator attestation", async () => {
+    await expect(evaluateNativeControllerTakeover({ owner: { ...owner(), controllerHostHash: currentProcessSpaceHash() },
+      now, isProcessAlive: () => false })).resolves.toEqual({ allowed: true, reason: "controller_process_dead" });
+    await expect(evaluateNativeControllerTakeover({ owner: { ...owner(), controllerHostHash: "operator_attested" },
+      now, isProcessAlive: () => true })).resolves.toEqual({ allowed: true, reason: "operator_attested_controller_stopped" });
+  });
+
   it.each([
     ["another host", "another-host-pid-space"],
     ["an unreadable PID space", "unknown"],
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.ts
index b780294b4e2..a5c799ff64a 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-restart-recovery.ts
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ import {
 import { REMOTE_CONTROLLER_LEASE_MS } from "./native-runner-recovery-contract.js";
 import { PROVIDER_ATTEMPT_CREDIT_GENERATION_LIMIT, providerAttemptChargesBudget, providerAttemptWindowStart, readProviderAttemptOutcome } from "./provider-attempt-outcome.js";
 import { readProcessStartedAt } from "../hot-restart.js";
-import { ephemeralServerEnabled } from "../ephemeral-server-mode.js";
+import { currentProcessProbe, proveOwnerGone, type ProcessProbe } from "../owner-proof.js";
 import { persistActivity } from "../activity-log.js";
 import { OPERATOR_ATTESTED_CONTROLLER_HOST, requestNativeControllerStopConfirmation } from "./native-controller-host-recovery.js";
-import { currentControllerBootId, currentProcessSpaceHash, currentProcessStartedAtMs, processStartsDefinitelyDiffer, sameProcessSpace } from "../controller-process-identity.js";
+import { currentControllerBootId, currentProcessSpaceHash, currentProcessStartedAtMs, processStartsDefinitelyDiffer } from "../controller-process-identity.js";
 import { getServerProcessStartedAt } from "../../server-info.js";
 import { redactSensitiveText } from "../../redaction.js";
 import { isUniqueViolation } from "../../db-errors.js";
@@ -418,8 +418,6 @@ export async function evaluateNativeControllerTakeover(input: {
       ? { allowed: false, reason: "remote_controller_lease_live" }
       : { allowed: true, reason: "remote_controller_lease_released_or_expired" };
   }
-  const isAlive = input.isProcessAlive ?? processIsAlive;
-  const readStartedAt = input.readProcessStartedAt ?? observedProcessStart;
   if ((!owner.leaseOwner || !owner.leaseExpiresAt) && !input.requireStoppedController) {
     return { allowed: true, reason: "unowned" };
   }
@@ -440,21 +438,32 @@ export async function evaluateNativeControllerTakeover(input: {
   if (recordsHost && owner.controllerHostHash === OPERATOR_ATTESTED_CONTROLLER_HOST) {
     return { allowed: true, reason: "operator_attested_controller_stopped" };
   }
-  // A PID can only be judged in the PID space that recorded it. A controller
-  // on another host or namespace (or an unreadable local space) is never
-  // proven gone by a local probe; its lease or fence decides instead.
-  if (owner.controllerHostHash && !sameProcessSpace(owner.controllerHostHash)) {
-    return { allowed: false, reason: "controller_host_unprovable" };
-  }
-  // A row saved before the host column existed. An ephemeral (multi-host)
-  // server can never assume it was written here; a board operator decides.
-  if (recordsHost && owner.controllerHostHash == null && ephemeralServerEnabled()) {
-    return { allowed: false, reason: "controller_host_unrecorded" };
-  }
-  // Single-host servers keep the previous local proof for one release, and
-  // every use is recorded so the release that removes it can check for rows.
-  const fallback = recordsHost && owner.controllerHostHash == null ? { legacyHostFallback: true as const } : {};
-  if (!isAlive(priorPid)) {
+  // The local branch is the shared prover (plan Phase 2): a PID is judged
+  // only in the PID space that recorded it, a reused PID must have started
+  // definitely later, and EPERM is alive. A coordinator row saved before the
+  // host column keeps the one-release local proof on single-host servers
+  // (`processSpaceUnrecorded`; each use is recorded by the caller as
+  // LEGACY_HOST_FALLBACK_EVENT), and an ephemeral server never judges it.
+  // Owners built from receipts that never stored a PID space are judged in
+  // this PID space: their callers checked the recorded host first.
+  const base = currentProcessProbe();
+  const probe: ProcessProbe = {
+    ...base,
+    // No platform-deployment shortcut: this stamp records no worker.
+    deployment: null,
+    pidExists: input.isProcessAlive ?? base.pidExists,
+    readStartedAt: input.readProcessStartedAt ?? base.readStartedAt,
+  };
+  const proof = await proveOwnerGone({
+    kind: "local", scope: "native_controller", generation: null, host: null,
+    processSpace: recordsHost ? owner.controllerHostHash ?? null : probe.processSpace,
+    processSpaceUnrecorded: recordsHost && owner.controllerHostHash == null,
+    bootId: null, pid: priorPid, processStartedAt: owner.controllerProcessStartedAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
+    processGroupId: null,
+  }, probe);
+  const fallback = proof.legacyHostFallback ? { legacyHostFallback: true as const } : {};
+  if (proof.verdict === "gone") {
+    if (proof.reason === "pid_reused") return { allowed: true, reason: "controller_pid_recycled", ...fallback };
     return {
       allowed: true,
       reason:
@@ -464,18 +473,14 @@ export async function evaluateNativeControllerTakeover(input: {
       ...fallback,
     };
   }
-
-  const observedStartedAt = await readStartedAt(priorPid);
-  if (
-    owner.controllerProcessStartedAt &&
-    observedStartedAt &&
-    definitivelyDifferentProcessStart(
-      owner.controllerProcessStartedAt,
-      observedStartedAt,
-    )
-  ) {
-    return { allowed: true, reason: "controller_pid_recycled", ...fallback };
+  if (proof.reason === "process_space_unrecorded") return { allowed: false, reason: "controller_host_unrecorded" };
+  if (proof.reason === "different_process_space" || proof.reason === "unknown_process_space"
+    || proof.reason === "different_host") {
+    return { allowed: false, reason: "controller_host_unprovable" };
   }
+  // A live PID observed to start before the recorded controller is an
+  // inconsistent stamp, never proof of reuse.
+  if (proof.reason === "pid_start_inconsistent") return { allowed: false, reason: "controller_pid_start_inconsistent" };
 
   const coordinated = input.coordinatedPreviousController;
   if (
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.test.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.test.ts
index c2fcfea2347..58eaaa7c44a 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.test.ts
@@ -12938,6 +12938,98 @@ describe("native warm session supervision", () => {
     },
   );
 
+  it.each([
+    { name: "unchanged configuration", reuse: true },
+    { name: "unchanged provider key", firstEnvironment: { OPENAI_API_KEY: "fixture-key" }, secondEnvironment: { OPENAI_API_KEY: "fixture-key" }, reuse: true },
+    { name: "rotated provider key", firstEnvironment: { OPENAI_API_KEY: "fixture-key" }, secondEnvironment: { OPENAI_API_KEY: "fixture-rotated-key" }, reuse: false },
+    { name: "rotated Claude token", firstEnvironment: { CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN: "fixture-token" }, secondEnvironment: { CLAUDE_CODE_OAUTH_TOKEN: "fixture-rotated-token" }, reuse: false },
+    { name: "tool refresh", refreshTools: true, reuse: false },
+    { name: "network access change", firstEnvironment: { PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_NETWORK_ACCESS: "disabled" }, secondEnvironment: { PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_NETWORK_ACCESS: "enabled" }, reuse: false },
+    { name: "run-scoped environment broker", firstEnvironment: { PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN: "first-run-capability" }, secondEnvironment: { PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN: "second-run-capability" }, reuse: false },
+    { name: "Core-hosted GitHub access", managedGitHub: true, reuse: true, adoptionReuse: false },
+  ] as Array<{ name: string; firstEnvironment?: Record<string, string>; secondEnvironment?: Record<string, string>;
+    refreshTools?: boolean; managedGitHub?: boolean; reuse: boolean; adoptionReuse?: boolean }>)(
+    "decides warm and adopted process reuse from one key: $name",
+    async ({ name, firstEnvironment = {}, secondEnvironment = {}, refreshTools, managedGitHub = false, reuse, adoptionReuse = reuse }) => {
+      const decisions: Record<string, boolean> = {};
+      for (const path of ["warm", "adoption"] as const) {
+        githubAccess.create.mockReset().mockImplementation(async () => ({ env: {}, ready: true, duplexRequested: false,
+          activate: githubAccess.activate.mockReset().mockImplementation(() => vi.fn()), stop: githubAccess.stop.mockReset().mockResolvedValue(undefined) }));
+        const stateBase = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), "paperclip-runnerd-reuse-key-"));
+        const previousStateDirectory = process.env.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_STATE_DIR;
+        const previousPaperclipHome = process.env.PAPERCLIP_HOME;
+        process.env.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_STATE_DIR = stateBase;
+        process.env.PAPERCLIP_HOME = stateBase;
+        const scope = `${path}-${name.replaceAll(" ", "-")}`;
+        const first = {
+          ...execution,
+          binding: { ...execution.binding, runId: `run-reuse-key-first-${scope}`, executionWorkspaceId: "workspace-reuse-key" },
+          workspace: { cwd: "/tmp/runnerd-reuse-key", repoUrl: null, repoRef: null, branchName: null },
+          session: { normalizedSessionId: `session-reuse-key-${scope}`, driverKind: "codex_app_server" as const,
+            protocolVersion: 1 as const, lifecyclePolicy: { mode: "warm" as const, idleTimeoutMs: 60_000 } },
+        } as NativeExecutionInputV1;
+        const second = { ...first, binding: { ...first.binding, runId: `run-reuse-key-second-${scope}` } } as NativeExecutionInputV1;
+        const target = { kind: "remote" as const, transport: "sandbox" as const, environmentId: "environment-reuse-key",
+          remoteCwd: "/home/daytona/paperclip-workspace", runner: { execute: vi.fn() } } as never;
+        const firstSession = { close: vi.fn(async () => undefined) };
+        const result = { result: { summary: "completed" }, terminal: { runTerminalState: "succeeded" }, turnId: "turn",
+          normalizedSessionId: first.session.normalizedSessionId, providerSessionId: "provider-reuse-key", driverKind: "test",
+          driverVersion: "1", nativeEventCount: 1, highestContiguousSourceSeq: 1, usage: null };
+        state.execute.mockReset()
+          .mockImplementationOnce(async (options) => {
+            await options.onCheckpoint?.({
+              identity: { runId: first.binding.runId, sessionId: first.session.normalizedSessionId,
+                companyId: first.binding.companyId, issueId: first.binding.issueId, agentId: first.binding.agentId },
+              providerSessionId: "provider-reuse-key", activeTurnId: "provider-turn-reuse-key",
+              semanticResult: { summary: "first" }, terminal: { runTerminalState: "succeeded" },
+            });
+            options.onSession?.(firstSession);
+            return result;
+          })
+          .mockImplementationOnce(async (options) => {
+            decisions[path] = options.existingSession === firstSession;
+            return result;
+          });
+        const inspected = vi.spyOn(remoteWarmRecoveryRuntime, "inspectRemoteWarmSessionRecovery").mockImplementation(async request => {
+          decisions[path] = request.canReuseProcess(first);
+          throw new Error("fixture adoption decision recorded");
+        });
+        try {
+          await executePaperclipNativeSession({ db: leaseDb(first), execution: first, runnerInstanceId: "runner-reuse-key",
+            useRunnerd: true, managedGitHub, runnerExecutionTarget: target,
+            runnerEnvironment: { PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_AUTH_MODE: "managed", ...firstEnvironment } });
+          const durableRoot = (await readdir(stateBase, { withFileTypes: true }))
+            .filter(entry => entry.isDirectory() && /^[a-f0-9]{64}$/.test(entry.name)).map(entry => join(stateBase, entry.name))[0]!;
+          const durableIdentity = { runId: first.binding.runId, normalizedSessionId: first.session.normalizedSessionId,
+            runnerInstanceId: "runner-reuse-key", environmentLeaseId: first.binding.executionWorkspaceId };
+          await mkdir(join(durableRoot, "control-plane"), { recursive: true });
+          await writeFile(join(durableRoot, "control-plane", "control-plane-state.json"), JSON.stringify(durableControlPlaneState(durableIdentity)));
+          await mkdir(join(durableRoot, "runner"), { recursive: true });
+          await writeFile(join(durableRoot, "runner", "runner-state.json"), JSON.stringify(durableRunnerState(durableIdentity, "ready")));
+          if (path === "adoption") expect(await closeIdleWarmNativeSessionsForRestart()).toEqual({ closed: 1, busy: 0, failed: 0 });
+          const continuation = executePaperclipNativeSession({
+            db: { ...leaseDb(second), select: () => ({ from: () => ({ where: () => ({ limit: () =>
+              Promise.resolve([{ status: "succeeded", runnerProfileJson: { nativeExecutionInput: first } }]) }) }) }) } as unknown as Db,
+            execution: second, runnerInstanceId: "runner-reuse-key", useRunnerd: true, managedGitHub, refreshTools,
+            runnerExecutionTarget: target, runnerEnvironment: { PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_AUTH_MODE: "managed", ...secondEnvironment } });
+          if (path === "adoption") await expect(continuation).rejects.toThrow("fixture adoption decision recorded");
+          else await continuation;
+          expect(decisions[path]).toBe(path === "adoption" ? adoptionReuse : reuse);
+          if (path === "warm") expect(firstSession.close).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(reuse ? 0 : 1);
+        } finally {
+          inspected.mockRestore();
+          await closeIdleWarmNativeSessionsForRestart();
+          if (previousStateDirectory === undefined) delete process.env.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_STATE_DIR;
+          else process.env.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_STATE_DIR = previousStateDirectory;
+          if (previousPaperclipHome === undefined) delete process.env.PAPERCLIP_HOME;
+          else process.env.PAPERCLIP_HOME = previousPaperclipHome;
+          await rm(stateBase, { recursive: true, force: true });
+        }
+      }
+      expect(decisions).toEqual({ warm: reuse, adoption: adoptionReuse });
+    },
+  );
+
   it("does not replace a different company's warm session with the same normalized id", async () => {
     const firstClose = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
     const secondClose = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.ts
index d7e3759d66f..f4aacfdb298 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/native-session-executor.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ import {
   isKnownNativeSessionRootEntry,
 } from "./native-session-root-entries.js";
 import { createRunPreparationTiming } from "../execution-preparation-timing.js";
-import { configuredEnvironment } from "../../vendor/paperclip-runner/index.js";
+import { configuredEnvironment, PROVIDER_CREDENTIAL_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS } from "../../vendor/paperclip-runner/index.js";
 import { parseProviderPerformanceSpans } from "../../vendor/paperclip-runner/index.js";
 import { apiKeyBillingType } from "@paperclipai/adapter-utils/api-billing-type";
 import { agents } from "@paperclipai/db";
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ import {
   boundedExecutionCleanup,
   EXECUTION_CONTROL_DEADLINE_MS,
 } from "../execution-control-deadline.js";
-import { createHash, randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { createHash, createHmac, randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { execFile, execFileSync } from "node:child_process";
 import {
   chmodSync,
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ import { assertNativeRetainedSandboxBinding, deferNativeControllerRecovery, Nati
 import { redactRunnerApiPayloads } from "./runner-api-log-redaction.js";
 import { appendHeartbeatRunEvent } from "../heartbeat-run-events.js";
 import { appendNativeCredentialUpdate } from "./native-credential-updates.js";
-import { nativeSha256 } from "./canonical.js";
+import { canonicalNativeJson, nativeSha256 } from "./canonical.js";
 import { lockSourceRecoveryCoordinators } from "./native-source-recovery-ownership.js";
 import { PaperclipRunnerToolAuthority } from "./paperclip-runner-tool-authority.js";
 import { createAssignedMcpTools, getAssignedMcpGateway } from "./assigned-mcp-tools.js";
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ import { noteNativeRunnerEvidence } from "./native-runner-evidence-signal.js";
 import { removeNativeHarnessBackup } from "./native-harness-backup-cleanup.js";
 import { registerLiveRunnerGoalController } from "../runner-goal-control-broker.js";
 import { applyRunnerGoalPrpEvent } from "../runner-goals.js";
-import { readProcessStartedAt } from "../hot-restart.js";
-import { processExists, processStartsDefinitelyDiffer } from "../controller-process-identity.js";
+import { currentProcessSpaceHash } from "../controller-process-identity.js";
+import { proveOwnerGone } from "../owner-proof.js";
 import {
   NativeRunnerOwnershipUnverifiedError,
   isNativeRunnerOwnershipHeld,
@@ -591,32 +591,33 @@ const nativeRuntimeRequestResolutions = new Map<
   NativeRuntimeRequestResolution
 >();
 
+/** The shared prover's verdict on a recovered local runner, recorded on this
+ * host by an earlier boot (no boot id, so this process is never assumed). */
+function proveRecoveryProcess(input: { pid: number; startedAt: string }) {
+  return proveOwnerGone({ kind: "local", scope: "native_recovery_runner", generation: null, host: null,
+    processSpace: currentProcessSpaceHash(), bootId: null, pid: input.pid, processStartedAt: input.startedAt,
+    processGroupId: null });
+}
+
 /**
- * True when the recorded runner still owns its PID. A start time within the
- * shared precision window is the same process: `ps -o lstart` on macOS has
- * whole-second precision, so an exact match would call a live runner gone.
+ * False only when the shared prover proves the recorded runner gone (its PID
+ * is dead or reused by a later process). The runner treats false as exit
+ * evidence, so an unreadable or inconsistent start time stays alive.
  */
-export async function verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive(input: {
+export async function recoveryProcessMayBeAlive(input: {
   pid: number;
   startedAt: string;
 }): Promise<boolean> {
-  if (!processExists(input.pid)) return false;
-  try {
-    const observed = await readProcessStartedAt(input.pid);
-    return (
-      observed !== null &&
-      !processStartsDefinitelyDiffer(input.startedAt, observed)
-    );
-  } catch {
-    return false;
-  }
+  return (await proveRecoveryProcess(input)).verdict !== "gone";
 }
 
 async function signalVerifiedRecoveryProcess(
   input: { pid: number; startedAt: string },
   signal: NodeJS.Signals,
 ): Promise<boolean> {
-  if (!(await verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive(input))) return false;
+  // Signal only the proven same process (start time within the shared
+  // precision window), never an ambiguous or reused PID.
+  if ((await proveRecoveryProcess(input)).verdict !== "alive") return false;
   try {
     return process.kill(input.pid, signal);
   } catch {
@@ -668,22 +669,15 @@ type WarmNativeSession = {
   runId: string;
   issueId: string;
   instructionWorkingCopy?: NativeInstructionWorkingCopy;
-  // Keep the admitted physical root independent of the per-run collection
-  // capability, which instruction preparation adopts before final admission.
-  instructionRoot?: string;
   instructionPreparationRunId?: string;
   agentId: string;
   instructionCopy?: { runId: string; root?: string; targetIdentity: string; collectStopped: () => Promise<void> };
   preparingRunId?: string;
-  managedAiCredentialIdentity?: string;
-  credentialRunId?: string;
   githubAccess?: NativeGitHubAccess;
-  githubAuthenticationMode?: string;
-  networkAccess: boolean;
   session: NativeSession;
   ownerToken: symbol;
   configDigest: string;
-  configuredEnvironmentDigest: string;
+  processConfigDigest?: string;
   ownerScope: string;
   normalizedSessionId: string;
   companyId: string;
@@ -5467,7 +5461,7 @@ const RETIREMENT_REASON_NAMES = {
   recoveryState: new Set(["blocked", "resuming_session", "awaiting_evidence", "awaiting_runner_reattach"]),
   controllerReason: new Set(["controller_still_alive", "coordinated_controller_still_alive", "remote_controller_lease_live",
     "expired_lease_without_controller_identity", "live_legacy_lease_without_controller_identity",
-    "controller_host_unprovable", "controller_host_unrecorded"]),
+    "controller_host_unprovable", "controller_host_unrecorded", "controller_pid_start_inconsistent"]),
   sandboxOutcome: new Set(["created", "resumed", "replacement"]),
 } as const;
 
@@ -7604,17 +7598,29 @@ function needsCoreGitHubAccess(input: Pick<Parameters<typeof executePaperclipNat
   return Boolean(input.managedGitHub && !(target?.kind === "remote" && target.transport === "sandbox" && target.runnerTask));
 }
 
-function warmNativeProcessConfigDigest(input: Parameters<typeof executePaperclipNativeSession>[0]): string | undefined {
-  if (needsCoreGitHubAccess(input) || input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN || input.instructionWorkingCopy) return undefined;
+function nativeProcessReuseKey(input: Parameters<typeof executePaperclipNativeSession>[0]): string | undefined {
+  const environment = input.runnerEnvironment;
+  if (!input.managedGitHub && environment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN) return undefined;
+  const schema = "paperclip.native-process-reuse.v2";
+  const providerCredentials = PROVIDER_CREDENTIAL_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS.flatMap(key => environment?.[key] ? [[key, environment[key]]] : []);
   return nativeSha256({
-    environment: configuredEnvironment(input.runnerEnvironment),
+    schema,
+    environment: configuredEnvironment(environment),
+    providerCredentials: createHmac("sha256", `${schema}:${nativeSessionScopeKey(input.execution)}`)
+      .update(canonicalNativeJson(providerCredentials)).digest("hex"),
     managedAiCredentialIdentity: input.managedAiCredentialIdentity ?? null,
     observabilityCompatibilityKey: input.observability?.compatibilityKey ?? null,
-    githubAuthenticationMode: input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_AUTH_MODE ?? null,
-    networkAccess: input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_NETWORK_ACCESS === "enabled",
+    githubAuthenticationMode: environment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_AUTH_MODE ?? null,
+    networkAccess: environment?.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_NETWORK_ACCESS === "enabled",
+    coreGitHubAccess: needsCoreGitHubAccess(input),
+    instructionRoot: input.instructionWorkingCopy?.root ?? null,
   });
 }
 
+function canReuseNativeProcess(input: Parameters<typeof executePaperclipNativeSession>[0], processConfigDigest: unknown): boolean {
+  return input.refreshTools !== true && typeof processConfigDigest === "string" && processConfigDigest === nativeProcessReuseKey(input);
+}
+
 function loadWarmNativeCheckpoint(
   execution: NativeExecutionInput,
   configDigest: string,
@@ -9630,13 +9636,9 @@ async function executePaperclipNativeSessionWithinScope(
           }
           return loadWarmNativeCheckpoint(previous, nativeSessionConfigDigest(previous, "remote"), "remote");
         },
-        canReuseProcess: previous => {
-          const expected = warmNativeProcessConfigDigest(input);
-          if (!expected) return false;
-          const envelope = record(JSON.parse(readBoundedNativeFile(nativeSessionCheckpointPath(previous),
-            NATIVE_WARM_CHECKPOINT_MAX_BYTES, "native_session_supervisor_checkpoint_too_large").toString("utf8")));
-          return envelope.processConfigDigest === expected;
-        },
+        canReuseProcess: previous => !needsCoreGitHubAccess(input) && canReuseNativeProcess(input,
+          record(JSON.parse(readBoundedNativeFile(nativeSessionCheckpointPath(previous),
+            NATIVE_WARM_CHECKPOINT_MAX_BYTES, "native_session_supervisor_checkpoint_too_large").toString("utf8"))).processConfigDigest),
       });
       remoteWarmRecovery.releasedSource = releasedSource;
     }
@@ -10191,7 +10193,7 @@ async function executePaperclipNativeSessionWithinScope(
   };
   const controllerCompatibility = {
     configDigest: nativeSessionConfigDigest(input.execution, input.runnerExecutionTarget?.kind ?? "local"),
-    processConfigDigest: warmNativeProcessConfigDigest(input) ?? null,
+    processConfigDigest: nativeProcessReuseKey(input) ?? null,
   };
   const controlPlane = new PaperclipControlPlanePort(
     input.db,
@@ -10538,9 +10540,6 @@ async function executePaperclipNativeSessionWithinScope(
     lifecyclePolicy.mode === "warm"
       ? controllerCompatibility.configDigest
       : null;
-  const configuredEnvironmentDigest = createHash("sha256")
-    .update(JSON.stringify(configuredEnvironment(input.runnerEnvironment)))
-    .digest("hex");
   const warmSessionOwnerToken = Symbol(
     `native-warm-session:${input.execution.binding.runId}`,
   );
@@ -10591,34 +10590,15 @@ async function executePaperclipNativeSessionWithinScope(
       }
     }
     if (entry) {
-      // Old run-scoped environments still require process replacement. A
-      // session-owned broker can change run authority without replacing it.
-      const hasBrokerCapability = Boolean(
-        !input.managedGitHub && input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN,
-      );
-      const credentialRunChanged =
-        Boolean(entry.credentialRunId) !== hasBrokerCapability ||
-        (hasBrokerCapability &&
-          entry.credentialRunId !== input.execution.binding.runId);
       if (
         (entry.pluginTaskId !== undefined && (input.runnerExecutionTarget?.kind !== "remote" || input.runnerExecutionTarget.transport !== "sandbox" ||
           entry.pluginTaskId !== input.runnerExecutionTarget.sandboxLeaseAcquisition?.providerLeaseId)) ||
-        input.refreshTools === true ||
         entry.closeOnReleaseReason !== undefined ||
         entry.configDigest !== warmConfigDigest ||
-        entry.observabilityCompatibilityKey !== input.observability?.compatibilityKey ||
-        entry.configuredEnvironmentDigest !== configuredEnvironmentDigest ||
-        entry.instructionRoot !== input.instructionWorkingCopy?.root ||
-        entry.managedAiCredentialIdentity !== input.managedAiCredentialIdentity ||
-        credentialRunChanged ||
+        !canReuseNativeProcess(input, entry.processConfigDigest) ||
         Boolean(entry.githubAccess) !== needsCoreGitHubAccess(input) ||
         entry.githubAccess?.ready === false ||
-        (entry.githubAccess !== undefined && entry.githubAccess.duplexRequested !== adapterExecutionTargetEnablesSandboxDuplexBridge(input.runnerExecutionTarget)) ||
-        entry.githubAuthenticationMode !==
-          input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_AUTH_MODE ||
-        entry.networkAccess !==
-          (input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_NETWORK_ACCESS ===
-            "enabled")
+        (entry.githubAccess !== undefined && entry.githubAccess.duplexRequested !== adapterExecutionTargetEnablesSandboxDuplexBridge(input.runnerExecutionTarget))
       ) {
         await finishStartupContextForFallback();
         pluginTaskDescription=undefined;
@@ -11152,24 +11132,13 @@ async function executePaperclipNativeSessionWithinScope(
                     runId: input.execution.binding.runId,
                     issueId: input.execution.binding.issueId,
                     instructionWorkingCopy: input.instructionWorkingCopy?.checkpointWarm ? undefined : input.instructionWorkingCopy,
-                    instructionRoot: input.instructionWorkingCopy?.root,
                     agentId: input.execution.binding.agentId,
-                    managedAiCredentialIdentity: input.managedAiCredentialIdentity,
-                    githubAuthenticationMode:
-                      input.runnerEnvironment?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_AUTH_MODE,
-                    networkAccess:
-                      input.runnerEnvironment
-                        ?.PAPERCLIP_RUNNER_NETWORK_ACCESS === "enabled",
                     githubAccess,
-                    credentialRunId: !input.managedGitHub && input.runnerEnvironment
-                      ?.PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN
-                      ? input.execution.binding.runId
-                      : undefined,
                     session,
                     ownerToken: warmSessionOwnerToken,
                     configDigest: warmConfigDigest,
+                    processConfigDigest: controllerCompatibility.processConfigDigest ?? undefined,
                     observabilityCompatibilityKey: input.observability?.compatibilityKey,
-                    configuredEnvironmentDigest,
                     ownerScope: nativeSessionOwnerScope(
                       input.execution, input.runnerExecutionTarget?.environmentId ?? null,
                     ),
@@ -14664,7 +14633,7 @@ async function createRunnerdBackendWithinSessionClaim(
           target, binding: input.execution.binding, trace: input.trace, onLog: input.onLog,
         }).controlPlaneRegistration,
         adoptExistingRunner: remoteDot?.adoptExistingRunner ?? (recoveredProcess ? { ...recoveredProcess,
-          isAlive: () => verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive(recoveredProcess),
+          isAlive: () => recoveryProcessMayBeAlive(recoveredProcess),
           signal: (signal: NodeJS.Signals = "SIGTERM") => signalVerifiedRecoveryProcess(recoveredProcess, signal) } : undefined),
     };
     const backendOptions = {
@@ -16012,7 +15981,7 @@ async function createRunnerdBackendWithinSessionClaim(
       : target.kind === "local" && localRecoveryProcess
         ? {
             ...localRecoveryProcess,
-            isAlive: () => verifiedRecoveryProcessIsAlive(localRecoveryProcess),
+            isAlive: () => recoveryProcessMayBeAlive(localRecoveryProcess),
             signal: (signal: NodeJS.Signals) =>
               signalVerifiedRecoveryProcess(localRecoveryProcess, signal),
           }
diff --git a/server/src/services/native-runtime/plugin-runner-release-resume.integration.test.ts b/server/src/services/native-runtime/plugin-runner-release-resume.integration.test.ts
index d94697eba8f..4da3feb7710 100644
--- a/server/src/services/native-runtime/plugin-runner-release-resume.integration.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/native-runtime/plugin-runner-release-resume.integration.test.ts
@@ -41,9 +41,12 @@ const parkId = (source: DurableRecoveryIdentity) => `park_${sha(JSON.stringify(O
 describeEmbeddedPostgres("plugin Runner release/resume through the Core execution entry", () => {
   const environment = nativeRestartFixture();
   const nativeIt = process.platform === "win32" ? it.skip : realProcessIt;
-  nativeIt.for([...(["codex", "claude"] as const).flatMap(harness => (["cached", "adopted"] as const).map(mode => [harness, mode] as const)), ["codex", "adopted cancellation"] as const, ["codex", "adopted legacy cancellation"] as const])("completes %s runs through a retained %s process", { timeout: 60_000 }, async ([harness, mode], context) => {
+  nativeIt.for([...(["codex", "claude"] as const).flatMap(harness => (["cached", "adopted"] as const).map(mode => [harness, mode] as const)), ["codex", "adopted cancellation"] as const, ["codex", "adopted legacy cancellation"] as const,
+    ["codex", "cached managed GitHub"] as const, ["codex", "adopted managed GitHub"] as const])("completes %s runs through a retained %s process", { timeout: 60_000 }, async ([harness, mode], context) => {
     if (harness === "claude" && !existsSync(fakeAcpxSidecar)) context.skip();
     const adopted = mode.startsWith("adopted"), cancellation = mode.includes("cancellation"), qualifiedCancellation = mode === "adopted cancellation";
+    const managedGitHub = mode.endsWith("managed GitHub"), brokerUrl = "https://core.example.test/api", brokerToken = (runId: string) => `fixture-broker-${runId}`;
+    const preparedBrokers: Array<{ runId: string; token?: string }> = [];
     const first = await environment.seedRun(`RELEASE-ENTRY-${harness}-${mode}`);
     const { db, runId, issueId, native } = first;
     const { companyId, agentId, runtimeRoot } = environment.current;
@@ -130,9 +133,12 @@ describeEmbeddedPostgres("plugin Runner release/resume through the Core executio
     const task = async (raw: unknown, authorityRunId: string): Promise<unknown> => {
       const operation = environmentTaskOperationSchema.parse(raw);
       if (operation.kind === "describe") return { kind: "description", taskId, launchPreparationVersion: 1,
-        projectAuthCheckVersion: 1, warmTaskVersion: 1, releaseResumeVersion: 1, runner: artifact, ...(qualifiedCancellation ? { executionContextVersion: 1 } : {}) };
+        projectAuthCheckVersion: 1, warmTaskVersion: 1, releaseResumeVersion: 1, runner: artifact, ...(qualifiedCancellation ? { executionContextVersion: 1 } : {}),
+        ...(managedGitHub ? { githubCredentialBrokerVersion: 1 } : {}) };
       if (operation.kind === "prepare") {
         expect(operation.requirements.identity.runId).toBe(authorityRunId);
+        expect(operation.githubBroker).toEqual(managedGitHub ? { url: brokerUrl, token: brokerToken(authorityRunId) } : undefined);
+        preparedBrokers.push({ runId: authorityRunId, token: operation.githubBroker?.token });
         expect(operation.accountIdentity).toBe("fixture-account");
         if (operation.priorIdentity) expect(sameSource(operation.priorIdentity, await state())).toBe(true);
         expect(operation.requirements.settings.managedProfile).toBeUndefined();
@@ -204,7 +210,9 @@ describeEmbeddedPostgres("plugin Runner release/resume through the Core executio
       await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ runnerProfileJson: { nativeExecutionInput: current }, runnerInstanceId: native.runnerInstanceId, completionContractId: contract!.id, completionContractSha256: contract!.canonicalSha256, nativeSessionId: current.session.normalizedSessionId })
         .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, current.binding.runId));
       return executePaperclipNativeSession({ db, execution: current, runnerInstanceId: native.runnerInstanceId, useRunnerd: true, runnerIngressAuthorized: true,
-        runnerEnvironment: harness === "claude" ? { ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: "synthetic-fixture" } : {},
+        runnerEnvironment: { ...(harness === "claude" ? { ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: "synthetic-fixture" } : {}),
+          ...(managedGitHub ? { PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_URL: brokerUrl, PAPERCLIP_GITHUB_BROKER_TOKEN: brokerToken(current.binding.runId) } : {}) },
+        managedGitHub,
         managedAiCredentialHome: home, managedAiCredentialIdentity: "fixture-revision", managedAiAccountIdentity: "fixture-account", turnTimeoutMs: 15_000,
         runnerExecutionTarget: { kind: "remote", transport: "sandbox", remoteCwd: workspace, environmentId, leaseId, providerKey: "plugin:fixture:tasks", runnerTask: operation => task(operation, current.binding.runId),
           sandboxLeaseAcquisition: { outcome: leaseId === leaseA ? "created" : "resumed", providerLeaseId: taskId } } });
@@ -283,6 +291,7 @@ describeEmbeddedPostgres("plugin Runner release/resume through the Core executio
       }
       expect(claims).toEqual(releases.slice(0, -1)); expect(releases[1]!.runId).toBe(runB);
       expect(releases[1]!.environmentLeaseId).toBe(leaseA); expect(handle!.child.pid).toBe(pid); expect(submissions).toBe(1);
+      expect([...new Set(preparedBrokers.map(prepared => prepared.runId))]).toEqual(releases.map(release => release.runId));
       const methods = (await readFile(calls, "utf8")).trim().split(/\r?\n/);
       if (harness === "codex") {
         expect(methods.filter(method => method === "process-start")).toHaveLength(1);
diff --git a/server/src/services/quarantined-task-retry.test.ts b/server/src/services/quarantined-task-retry.test.ts
index f08669a6e84..f87d720da71 100644
--- a/server/src/services/quarantined-task-retry.test.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/quarantined-task-retry.test.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { getExecutionBlocker } from "./execution-blocker.js";
 import { readFreshWorkspaceReadiness } from "./fresh-workspace-continuation.js";
 import { instanceSettingsService } from "./instance-settings.js";
 import { PROCESS_IDENTITY_RECORDED, PROCESS_START_REQUESTED } from "./native-local-process-stop.js";
+import { currentProcessStartedAtMs } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
 import { nativeSha256 } from "./native-runtime/canonical.js";
 import { verifyStoppedNativeSessionForContinuation } from "./native-runtime/native-session-executor.js";
 import { requestTaskRetry } from "./task-retry.js";
@@ -185,7 +186,10 @@ describe("task Retry after inherited native cleanup quarantine", () => {
         }));
       }
       if (mode === "worker_alive") {
-        await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ processPid: process.pid, processGroupId: process.pid })
+        // This test process, with its real start time: the shared prover then
+        // sees the same live worker, not a reused PID.
+        const startedAt = new Date((await currentProcessStartedAtMs())!);
+        await db.update(heartbeatRuns).set({ processPid: process.pid, processGroupId: process.pid, processStartedAt: startedAt })
           .where(eq(heartbeatRuns.companyId, f.companyId));
         const [owner] = await db.select().from(heartbeatRuns).where(eq(heartbeatRuns.id, f.ownerId));
         await appendHeartbeatRunEvent(db, { companyId: f.companyId, runId: f.ownerId, agentId: f.agentId,
diff --git a/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.ts b/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.ts
index ff314c14c41..269bb7e153d 100644
--- a/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-invariant-report.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import {
   issues,
   type Db,
 } from "@paperclipai/db";
-import { TEMPORARY_REFUSAL_TRIGGERS } from "../work-intent-outbox.js";
+import { taskClosedByAgentSql, TEMPORARY_REFUSAL_TRIGGERS } from "../work-intent-outbox.js";
+import { deliveredQueuedCommentIds } from "../queued-comment-delivery.js";
 import { logger } from "../../middleware/logger.js";
 import { persistActivity } from "../activity-log.js";
 import { proveOwnerGone, type OwnerProof, type ProcessProbe } from "../owner-proof.js";
@@ -366,6 +367,97 @@ async function checkDeferredIntentsPromoted(db: Db, now: Date, limit: number): P
 }
 
 export const DEFERRED_INTENT_NOT_PROMOTED = "deferred_after_hold_cleared";
+export const USER_COMMENT_WITHOUT_WAKE = "user_comment_without_wake";
+/** A user comment younger than this may still be getting its normal wake. */
+const COMMENT_WAKE_GRACE_MS = 30_000;
+
+export const USER_COMMENT_DROPPED_BY_STALE_RUN = "user_comment_dropped_by_stale_continuation";
+
+/** Invariant 4, the durable half of the stale-continuation rule (chaos
+ * s9401/t72). A user comment on a done task whose only carrying wakes were
+ * cancelled as stale continuations, that a settled agent run which started
+ * before it never read (it finished after the comment), and that no later
+ * run received (the shared per-comment delivery check). The decision waits for the closing run to settle, so it
+ * also covers a stale check that ran before that run reached succeeded, or a
+ * save that failed. The worker saves it so the release drain reopens the
+ * task and delivers it once. */
+async function checkStaleDroppedComments(db: Db, now: Date, limit: number): Promise<InvariantViolation[]> {
+  const since = new Date(now.getTime() - INTENT_LOOKBACK_MS).toISOString();
+  const rows = await db.execute<{ id: string; company_id: string; issue_id: string; agent_id: string }>(sql`
+    select c.id, c.company_id, c.issue_id, i.assignee_agent_id as agent_id from issue_comments c
+    join issues i on i.id = c.issue_id and i.company_id = c.company_id
+    where c.author_user_id is not null and c.deleted_at is null
+      and c.author_agent_id is null and c.created_by_run_id is null and c.created_at >= ${since}::timestamptz
+      and i.status = 'done' and i.assignee_agent_id is not null and i.conversation_agent_id is null
+      and ${taskClosedByAgentSql(sql`c.company_id`, sql`c.issue_id`)}
+      and exists (select 1 from agent_wakeup_requests stale where stale.company_id = c.company_id
+        and stale.payload->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text and stale.status = 'cancelled'
+        and stale.error = 'continuation_task_ownership_changed'
+        and (stale.payload->>'commentId' = c.id::text
+          or coalesce(stale.payload#>'{_paperclipWakeContext,wakeCommentIds}', '[]'::jsonb) ? c.id::text))
+      and not exists (select 1 from agent_wakeup_requests open_wake where open_wake.company_id = c.company_id
+        and open_wake.payload->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text
+        and open_wake.status not in ('cancelled', 'skipped', 'failed', 'coalesced')
+        and (open_wake.payload->>'commentId' = c.id::text
+          or coalesce(open_wake.payload#>'{_paperclipWakeContext,wakeCommentIds}', '[]'::jsonb) ? c.id::text))
+      and exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs closing where closing.company_id = c.company_id
+        and closing.agent_id = i.assignee_agent_id and closing.status = 'succeeded'
+        and (closing.context_snapshot->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text or closing.native_issue_id = c.issue_id)
+        and closing.started_at < c.created_at and closing.finished_at >= c.created_at)
+      and not exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs r where r.company_id = c.company_id
+        and (r.context_snapshot->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text or r.native_issue_id = c.issue_id)
+        and r.status in ('queued', 'running', 'scheduled_retry'))
+    order by c.created_at limit ${Math.min(limit, MAX_RECORDS_PER_KIND)}`);
+  // Consumption is per comment: a later run counts only if it received this
+  // comment (its own wake input, or a retry's task history), never ordinary
+  // task history of another message's turn.
+  const owed: typeof rows[number][] = [];
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    const delivered = await deliveredQueuedCommentIds(db, { companyId: row.company_id, issueId: row.issue_id,
+      agentId: row.agent_id, commentIds: [row.id] });
+    if (!delivered.has(row.id)) owed.push(row);
+  }
+  return owed.map(row => ({ rule: "I4_exactly_once_intent" as const, kind: "issue_comment", recordId: row.id,
+    companyId: row.company_id, runId: null, issueId: row.issue_id, reason: USER_COMMENT_DROPPED_BY_STALE_RUN }));
+}
+
+/** Invariant 4, reconciler-owned rule: an undelivered user comment newer than
+ * the task's last run gets a wake. A comment commits before its wake is
+ * written, so a restart in between loses the wake (chaos s9401/t69). This
+ * finds a user comment on an assigned, non-conversation task with no live run
+ * or lock, newer than every run of the task, that no wake request carries.
+ * The reconciliation worker saves it as a deferred receipt and promotes it. */
+async function checkUserCommentsWithoutWake(db: Db, now: Date, limit: number): Promise<{ violations: InvariantViolation[]; nextDueAt: Date | null }> {
+  const since = new Date(now.getTime() - INTENT_LOOKBACK_MS).toISOString();
+  const rows = await db.execute<{ id: string; company_id: string; issue_id: string; created_at: string }>(sql`
+    select c.id, c.company_id, c.issue_id, c.created_at::text as created_at from issue_comments c
+    join issues i on i.id = c.issue_id and i.company_id = c.company_id
+    where c.author_user_id is not null and c.deleted_at is null
+      and c.author_agent_id is null and c.created_by_run_id is null
+      and c.created_at >= ${since}::timestamptz
+      and i.assignee_agent_id is not null and i.conversation_agent_id is null
+      and i.status in ('todo', 'in_progress') and i.execution_run_id is null
+      and exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs prior where prior.company_id = c.company_id
+        and (prior.context_snapshot->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text or prior.native_issue_id = c.issue_id))
+      and not exists (select 1 from heartbeat_runs r where r.company_id = c.company_id
+        and (r.context_snapshot->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text or r.native_issue_id = c.issue_id)
+        and (r.status in ('queued', 'running', 'scheduled_retry') or coalesce(r.started_at, r.created_at) >= c.created_at))
+      and not exists (select 1 from agent_wakeup_requests w where w.company_id = c.company_id
+        and w.payload->>'issueId' = c.issue_id::text
+        and (w.payload->>'commentId' = c.id::text
+          or coalesce(w.payload#>'{_paperclipWakeContext,wakeCommentIds}', '[]'::jsonb) ? c.id::text))
+    order by c.created_at limit ${Math.min(limit, MAX_RECORDS_PER_KIND)}`);
+  // A comment inside the grace may still get its normal wake: check it again
+  // when the grace ends (a saved deadline), and report only older ones.
+  const graceEnd = now.getTime() - COMMENT_WAKE_GRACE_MS;
+  const young = [...rows].map(row => new Date(row.created_at).getTime()).filter(at => at >= graceEnd);
+  return {
+    violations: [...rows].filter(row => new Date(row.created_at).getTime() < graceEnd)
+      .map(row => ({ rule: "I4_exactly_once_intent" as const, kind: "issue_comment", recordId: row.id,
+        companyId: row.company_id, runId: null, issueId: row.issue_id, reason: USER_COMMENT_WITHOUT_WAKE })),
+    nextDueAt: young.length ? new Date(Math.min(...young) + COMMENT_WAKE_GRACE_MS) : null,
+  };
+}
 
 /** Invariant 4 with section E's closed outcomes: an accepted intent (a user's
  * request or a message) ended terminally on a refusal that
@@ -536,6 +628,12 @@ export async function runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db: Db, options: {
   for (const check of [
     () => checkAdmissionIndependence(db, state, now, limit),
     () => checkExactlyOnceIntents(db, state, now, limit),
+    () => checkStaleDroppedComments(db, now, limit),
+    async () => {
+      const result = await checkUserCommentsWithoutWake(db, now, limit);
+      if (result.nextDueAt && (!nextDueAt || result.nextDueAt < nextDueAt)) nextDueAt = result.nextDueAt;
+      return result.violations;
+    },
     async () => {
       const result = await checkDeferredIntentsPromoted(db, now, limit);
       if (result.nextDueAt && (!nextDueAt || result.nextDueAt < nextDueAt)) nextDueAt = result.nextDueAt;
@@ -554,6 +652,19 @@ export async function runOwnershipReconciliationPass(db: Db, options: {
       logger.warn({ err: error }, "ownership invariant check failed; the report continues");
     }
   }
+  // A settling kind can become settleable at a known time without a signal
+  // (a retention window ending); wake then.
+  for (const kind of kinds) {
+    if (!settleRecords || !kind.settle || !kind.nextDueAt) continue;
+    try {
+      const due = await kind.nextDueAt(db, now);
+      const current = nextDueAt as Date | null;
+      if (due && (!current || due < current)) nextDueAt = due;
+    } catch (error) {
+      retryNeeded = true;
+      logger.warn({ err: error, kind: kind.id }, "ownership due-time read failed; a later pass retries");
+    }
+  }
 
   // Only a first proof needs a second pass; a record already reported for I2
   // is not a reason to keep scanning.
diff --git a/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-registry.ts b/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-registry.ts
index aee032246e4..848c0992fdf 100644
--- a/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-registry.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/recovery/ownership-registry.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import {
 } from "../native-runtime/native-accepted-result-lease-settlement.js";
 import { settleClaimedWakeRequest } from "./wake-request-claimed-settlement.js";
 import { settleAbandonedWorkspaceFinalizeAttempt } from "./workspace-finalize-attempt-settlement.js";
+import { nativeControllerOwnerStamp, runProcessOwnerStamp } from "../native-runtime/native-owner-stamps.js";
 import { legacyControllerOwnerStamp, settleLegacyControllerLease } from "../legacy-controller-lease.js";
 import {
   nativeLeaseHolderStamp,
@@ -49,6 +50,12 @@ import {
 } from "../environment-cleanup-state.js";
 import { settleEnvironmentRunLease } from "../environment-run-lease-settlement.js";
 import { settleEnvironmentTeardownClaim } from "../environment-teardown-claim-settlement.js";
+import { settleSandboxCreationIntent } from "../sandbox-creation-intent-settlement.js";
+import {
+  nextRetainedOrphanDueAt,
+  releasableRetainedOrphanCondition,
+  settleRetainedOrphanSandbox,
+} from "../environment-retained-orphan-settlement.js";
 
 /**
  * Registry of ownable record kinds (plan section C).
@@ -122,6 +129,9 @@ export type OwnableKind = {
   settle: SettleRecord | null;
   /** Optional operator action for an unprovable owner of a settling kind. */
   onUnprovable?: UnprovableAction;
+  /** When a record of this kind next becomes settleable without a signal
+   * (a retention window ending). The reconciler wakes then. */
+  nextDueAt?: (db: Db, now: Date) => Promise<Date | null>;
   /** Plan invariants this kind is checked against (1–8). */
   invariantChecks: readonly number[];
   /** Why the kind cannot be listed, when `listInProgress` is null. */
@@ -154,20 +164,8 @@ const runOwner = (runId: string | null | undefined): RecordOwner => runId ? { ki
 
 type NrfRow = typeof nativeRunFinalizations.$inferSelect;
 
-/** NRF records the controller's boot, PID, start time and, since #19868, its
- * PID space (`controller_host_hash`). Rows written before that have no space
- * and stay unprovable for a foreign boot (inventory finding 2). */
-function nrfStamp(row: NrfRow, scope: string): LocalOwnerStamp {
-  return {
-    kind: "local", scope, generation: row.controllerGeneration ?? null, host: null,
-    processSpace: row.controllerHostHash ?? null,
-    // Rows saved before #19868 keep the one-release local proof on single-host
-    // servers (`legacy_host_unknown_dead_pid_proof`, #19883).
-    processSpaceUnrecorded: row.controllerHostHash == null,
-    bootId: row.controllerBootId, pid: row.controllerPid,
-    processStartedAt: row.controllerProcessStartedAt?.toISOString() ?? null, processGroupId: null,
-  };
-}
+/** The NRF controller stamp, shared with native recovery (native-owner-stamps.ts). */
+const nrfStamp = (row: NrfRow, scope: string): LocalOwnerStamp => nativeControllerOwnerStamp(row, scope);
 
 function nrfKind(id: string, title: string, obligation: Obligation, where: SQL | undefined,
   owner: (row: NrfRow) => RecordOwner = row => ({ kind: "process", stamp: nrfStamp(row, id) }),
@@ -247,16 +245,9 @@ function runKind(id: string, title: string, obligation: Obligation, where: SQL |
   };
 }
 
-/** heartbeat_runs records the adapter child's PID, start time and, since
- * #19871, its PID space (`process_host_hash`). Older rows have no space and
- * stay unprovable. */
-function runProcessStamp(row: RunRow, scope: string): LocalOwnerStamp {
-  return {
-    kind: "local", scope, generation: null, host: null, processSpace: row.processHostHash ?? null, bootId: null,
-    pid: row.processPid, processStartedAt: row.processStartedAt?.toISOString() ?? null,
-    processGroupId: row.processGroupId,
-  };
-}
+/** The adapter child's stamp (native-owner-stamps.ts). Rows saved before
+ * `process_host_hash` stay unprovable here. */
+const runProcessStamp = (row: RunRow, scope: string): LocalOwnerStamp => runProcessOwnerStamp(row, scope);
 
 const legacyControllerLeaseWhere = and(eq(heartbeatRuns.runtimeMode, "legacy"), eq(heartbeatRuns.status, "running"),
   isNotNull(heartbeatRuns.controllerBootId), sql`${heartbeatRuns.controllerLeaseExpiresAt} > now()`);
@@ -633,13 +624,18 @@ export const OWNABLE_KINDS: readonly OwnableKind[] = [
 
   // Environments and sandboxes
   {
+    // Shared path since Phase 2: a creator proven gone makes its intent due
+    // now; creation recovery then reconciles it with the provider. An intent
+    // whose creator is already marked lost belongs to that recovery deadline.
     id: "sandbox_creation_intent", title: "Sandbox creation intent", obligation: "ownership", storage: "database",
-    settle: null, invariantChecks: [1, 2, 3, 7],
+    settle: settleSandboxCreationIntent, invariantChecks: [1, 2, 3, 7],
     listInProgress: async (db, limit, offset) => {
       const rows = await db.select({ id: sandboxCreationOperations.id, companyId: sandboxCreationOperations.companyId,
         runId: sandboxCreationOperations.runId, issueId: sandboxCreationOperations.issueId,
         metadata: sandboxCreationOperations.metadata, updatedAt: sandboxCreationOperations.updatedAt })
-        .from(sandboxCreationOperations).where(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.state, "pending")).orderBy(asc(sandboxCreationOperations.id)).limit(limit + 1).offset(offset);
+        .from(sandboxCreationOperations).where(and(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.state, "pending"),
+          sql`coalesce(${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}->>'creationControllerLost', '') <> 'true'`))
+        .orderBy(asc(sandboxCreationOperations.id)).limit(limit + 1).offset(offset);
       const result = page(rows, limit);
       return { truncated: result.truncated, records: result.rows.map(row => ({
         recordId: row.id, companyId: row.companyId, runId: row.runId, issueId: row.issueId,
@@ -666,6 +662,16 @@ export const OWNABLE_KINDS: readonly OwnableKind[] = [
     row => runOwner(row.heartbeatRunId)),
   leaseKind("environment_retained_hold", "Retained / reusable hold", "workspace_preservation",
     eq(environmentLeases.status, "retained"), () => ({ kind: "none" }), [1, 7]),
+  {
+    // Shared path since Phase 2: a sandbox the orphaned-run-lease settle
+    // stopped and kept is destroyed once nothing references it. Only
+    // releasable orphans are listed, so a held one is never polled; its
+    // retention window end is a due time.
+    ...leaseKind("environment_retained_orphan_sandbox", "Retained orphan sandbox", "workspace_preservation",
+      releasableRetainedOrphanCondition(), row => runOwner(row.heartbeatRunId), [1]),
+    settle: settleRetainedOrphanSandbox,
+    nextDueAt: nextRetainedOrphanDueAt,
+  },
   spoolKind("sandbox_orphan_cleanup_spool", "Orphan cleanup buffer/spool", "ownership", idleOrphanSpoolPath),
   leaseKind("environment_login_probe_lease", "Login/probe lease", "ownership",
     and(eq(environmentLeases.status, "active"), isNull(environmentLeases.heartbeatRunId)),
diff --git a/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-intent-settlement.ts b/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-intent-settlement.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..766aa2d30d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-intent-settlement.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import { and, eq, gt, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { sandboxCreationOperations, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { readControllerProcess } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
+import { notifyEnvironmentCleanup } from "./environment-cleanup-notifications.js";
+import type { OwnerProof } from "./owner-proof.js";
+import type { InProgressRecord, SettleOutcome } from "./recovery/ownership-registry.js";
+
+/**
+ * Settle of the `sandbox_creation_intent` ownership kind (plan Phase 2).
+ *
+ * A creation intent is written before the provider call and names the server
+ * process that makes it. While that process lives, the intent waits for its
+ * settle deadline. Once the shared prover proves the creator gone, it cannot
+ * still be waiting for the provider, so this settle makes the intent due now
+ * and marks the creator lost; the creation recovery worker then reconciles it.
+ *
+ * It settles ownership only. Whether the sandbox exists is still decided by
+ * the provider: absence stays inconclusive until the creation settle deadline
+ * (`creationAbsenceInconclusive`), and an unidentifiable creation becomes an
+ * operator reconciliation. A creator on another host is never proven gone by
+ * a process proof; its intent keeps the deadline, which is the handoff.
+ *
+ * The update compares and swaps on the exact creator the proof judged and
+ * only moves a deadline that is still in the future.
+ */
+export async function settleSandboxCreationIntent(db: Db, record: InProgressRecord,
+  context: { now: Date; proof: OwnerProof }): Promise<SettleOutcome> {
+  if (record.owner.kind !== "process") return { settled: false, reason: "owner_not_a_process" };
+  const stamp = record.owner.stamp;
+  const now = context.now;
+  return db.transaction(async transaction => {
+    const tx = transaction as unknown as Db;
+    const [operation] = await tx.select().from(sandboxCreationOperations)
+      .where(and(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, record.recordId), eq(sandboxCreationOperations.state, "pending")))
+      .for("update");
+    if (!operation) return { settled: false, reason: "intent_no_longer_pending" };
+    if (operation.metadata.creationControllerLost === true) return { settled: false, reason: "creator_already_lost" };
+    const creator = readControllerProcess(operation.metadata.creationController);
+    if (!creator || creator.bootId !== stamp.bootId || creator.pid !== stamp.pid || creator.hostHash !== stamp.processSpace) {
+      return { settled: false, reason: "owner_changed_since_proof" };
+    }
+    if (operation.nextAttemptAt <= now) return { settled: false, reason: "intent_already_due" };
+    // Wake creation recovery before the write it announces.
+    await notifyEnvironmentCleanup(tx, { companyId: operation.companyId, runId: operation.runId });
+    const updated = await tx.update(sandboxCreationOperations).set({ nextAttemptAt: now, updatedAt: now,
+      metadata: sql`coalesce(${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}, '{}'::jsonb) || ${JSON.stringify({
+        creationControllerLost: true, creationControllerLostProof: context.proof.reason })}::jsonb` })
+      .where(and(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, operation.id), eq(sandboxCreationOperations.state, "pending"),
+        gt(sandboxCreationOperations.nextAttemptAt, now),
+        sql`coalesce(${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}->>'creationControllerLost', '') <> 'true'`,
+        sql`${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}->'creationController' = ${JSON.stringify(operation.metadata.creationController)}::jsonb`))
+      .returning({ id: sandboxCreationOperations.id });
+    return updated.length ? { settled: true, reason: context.proof.reason } : { settled: false, reason: "intent_no_longer_pending" };
+  });
+}
diff --git a/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-operations.ts b/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-operations.ts
index 8e11ce48c37..bbc8369962e 100644
--- a/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-operations.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/sandbox-creation-operations.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { collectSecretRefPaths, isUuidSecretRef, parseSecretRefBindingObject, readConfigValueAtPath } from "./json-schema-secret-refs.js";
 import { createHash, randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
-import { and, asc, eq, gt, lte, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
-import { controllerProcessExited, currentControllerBootId, currentControllerProcess, readControllerProcess } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
+import { and, eq, lte, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { currentControllerProcess } from "./controller-process-identity.js";
 import { companies, environments, sandboxCreationOperations, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
 import { readEnvironmentCreationCleanupError, type PluginEnvironmentLease, type PluginEnvironmentLeaseObservation } from "@paperclipai/plugin-sdk";
 import { assertEnvironmentCompanyBinding, environmentService } from "./environments.js";
@@ -15,37 +15,6 @@ export type SandboxCreationOperation = typeof sandboxCreationOperations.$inferSe
 // A live creator may still be waiting for the provider, and a provider may still
 // materialize an aborted request. Absence is conclusive only after this delay.
 const CREATION_SETTLE_FLOOR_MS = 30 * 60_000;
-const CREATION_PROMOTION_PAGE_SIZE = 100;
-
-/** After a restart, creation intents from an exited server cannot still be in
- * flight there. Reconcile them now instead of at the settle deadline. Absence
- * stays inconclusive until that deadline; see recoverSandboxCreations. */
-async function promoteAbandonedSandboxCreations(db: Db): Promise<void> {
-  const now = new Date();
-  // Page past live, foreign, and unidentified creators so they cannot hide an
-  // abandoned intent behind them.
-  let after: string | null = null;
-  for (;;) {
-    const waiting: Array<Pick<SandboxCreationOperation, "id" | "metadata">> = await db
-      .select({ id: sandboxCreationOperations.id, metadata: sandboxCreationOperations.metadata })
-      .from(sandboxCreationOperations).where(and(
-        eq(sandboxCreationOperations.state, "pending"), gt(sandboxCreationOperations.nextAttemptAt, now),
-        sql`${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}->'creationController'->>'bootId' is distinct from ${currentControllerBootId()}`,
-        sql`coalesce(${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}->>'creationControllerLost', '') <> 'true'`,
-        after === null ? undefined : gt(sandboxCreationOperations.id, after),
-      )).orderBy(asc(sandboxCreationOperations.id)).limit(CREATION_PROMOTION_PAGE_SIZE);
-    for (const operation of waiting) {
-      const controller = readControllerProcess(operation.metadata.creationController);
-      if (!controller || !await controllerProcessExited(controller)) continue;
-      await db.update(sandboxCreationOperations).set({ nextAttemptAt: now, updatedAt: now,
-        metadata: sql`coalesce(${sandboxCreationOperations.metadata}, '{}'::jsonb) || '{"creationControllerLost":true}'::jsonb` })
-        .where(and(eq(sandboxCreationOperations.id, operation.id), eq(sandboxCreationOperations.state, "pending"),
-          gt(sandboxCreationOperations.nextAttemptAt, now)));
-    }
-    if (waiting.length < CREATION_PROMOTION_PAGE_SIZE) return;
-    after = waiting[waiting.length - 1]!.id;
-  }
-}
 
 function creationAbsenceInconclusive(operation: SandboxCreationOperation): boolean {
   const settleAt = Date.parse(typeof operation.metadata.creationSettleAt === "string" ? operation.metadata.creationSettleAt : "");
@@ -199,7 +168,13 @@ export async function recoverSandboxCreations(db: Db,
   inspect: (operation: SandboxCreationOperation) => Promise<PluginEnvironmentLeaseObservation | null>,
   onTaskRecovered?: (operation: SandboxCreationOperation) => void | Promise<void>,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  await promoteAbandonedSandboxCreations(db);
+  // After a restart, an intent whose creator is proven gone cannot still be in
+  // flight there: the shared ownership path makes it due now. Absence stays
+  // inconclusive until the settle deadline (creationAbsenceInconclusive).
+  const { settleOwnableKind } = await import("./recovery/ownership-invariant-report.js");
+  await settleOwnableKind(db, "sandbox_creation_intent").catch(() => {
+    logger.warn({ errorKind: "sandbox_creation_intent_settle_failed" }, "Sandbox creation intents keep their saved deadlines");
+  });
   const due = await db.select().from(sandboxCreationOperations).where(and(
     recoverableSandboxCreationCondition(), lte(sandboxCreationOperations.nextAttemptAt, new Date()),
   )).limit(100);
diff --git a/server/src/services/sandbox-stop-and-retain.ts b/server/src/services/sandbox-stop-and-retain.ts
index c17c6a10965..a1ccefc1d6d 100644
--- a/server/src/services/sandbox-stop-and-retain.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/sandbox-stop-and-retain.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ import type { SandboxAbsenceProof } from "./sandbox-absence-proof.js";
 type Lease = Pick<typeof environmentLeases.$inferSelect,
   "id" | "companyId" | "heartbeatRunId" | "provider" | "providerLeaseId" | "metadata">;
 export const SANDBOX_STOP_AND_RETAIN_KEY = "sandboxStopAndRetain";
+/** Top-level marker an ownership settle leaves on a lease whose sandbox it
+ * stopped and kept. It outlives the stop intent, so the retained orphan can
+ * be destroyed once nothing references it. */
+export const ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY = "orphanedRunLeaseRecovery";
 
 /** A successful stop is not by itself proof that the allocation was retained.
  * Require the dedicated stop-only dispatch receipt and its independent stop
@@ -75,8 +79,9 @@ export function readStopOnlyCleanup(lease: Lease) {
 
 /** Persist before provider dispatch so an older worker or a restart cannot turn
  * an explicit stop into ordinary destructive release. Invalid pins stay pending.
- * `recovery` marks an ownership settle on the intent; the pending-cleanup
- * sweep dispatches such a stop's first attempt without its retry backoff. */
+ * `recovery` marks an ownership settle on the intent and on the lease
+ * (`ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY`); the pending-cleanup sweep dispatches such
+ * a stop's first attempt without its retry backoff. */
 export async function prepareSandboxStopAndRetain(db: Db, lease: Lease, recovery?: Record<string, unknown>) {
   return prepareStopAndRetain(db, lease, "active", recovery);
 }
@@ -158,6 +163,8 @@ async function prepareStopAndRetain(db: Db, lease: Lease, fromStatus: "active" |
     status: "pending_cleanup", cleanupStatus: "failed", failureReason: "sandbox_stop_pending", releasedAt: now, updatedAt: now,
     metadata: sql`(coalesce(${environmentLeases.metadata}, '{}'::jsonb) - 'remoteExecutionTermination' - 'sandboxStopAndRetainReceipt') || ${JSON.stringify({
       [SANDBOX_STOP_AND_RETAIN_KEY]: intent, pendingCleanupAttemptId: requestId,
+      ...(fromStatus === "active" && Object.keys(recovery).length
+        ? { [ORPHANED_SANDBOX_RECOVERY_KEY]: { ...recovery, runId: lease.heartbeatRunId, recoveredAt: now.toISOString() } } : {}),
       pendingCleanupInFlight: false, pendingCleanupLeaseExpiresAtMs: 0,
       pendingCleanupRetryAfterMs: 0, pendingCleanupRetryAttempts: 0, pendingCleanupRetryCapWarned: false,
     })}::jsonb`,
diff --git a/server/src/services/work-intent-outbox.ts b/server/src/services/work-intent-outbox.ts
index 22c5b763635..89034210e03 100644
--- a/server/src/services/work-intent-outbox.ts
+++ b/server/src/services/work-intent-outbox.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-import { and, eq, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
-import { agentWakeupRequests, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
-import { notifyDeferredExecutionEligibility, notifyDeferredWakesForIssue } from "./deferred-execution-notifications.js";
+import { and, eq, inArray, isNotNull, isNull, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { agentWakeupRequests, issueComments, issues, type Db } from "@paperclipai/db";
+import { notifyDeferredExecutionEligibility, notifyDeferredExecutionWork, notifyDeferredWakesForIssue } from "./deferred-execution-notifications.js";
+import { withQueuedCommentIdsInWakePayload } from "./issue-queued-comment-queue.js";
+import { deliveredQueuedCommentIds } from "./queued-comment-delivery.js";
 import { notifyIssueRecovery } from "./issue-recovery-notifications.js";
 import { notifyRunDispatch } from "./run-dispatch-notifications.js";
 
@@ -37,6 +39,8 @@ export const TEMPORARY_REFUSAL_TRIGGERS: Readonly<Record<string, WorkIntentHoldT
   "agent.not_invokable": "pause_lifted",
   "issue_tree_hold_active": "tree_hold_released",
   "heartbeat.scheduling_suppressed": "scheduling_resumed",
+  /** A user message whose wake was lost (the reconciler saved it). */
+  wake_lost: "reconciler_backstop",
 };
 
 export function temporaryRefusalTrigger(reason: string): WorkIntentHoldTrigger | null {
@@ -78,3 +82,71 @@ export async function promoteDeferredWorkIntents(tx: object, input: {
     input.issueId ? sql`${agentWakeupRequests.payload}->>'issueId' = ${input.issueId}` : undefined,
   ));
 }
+
+const DEFERRED_WAKE_CONTEXT_KEY = "_paperclipWakeContext";
+
+/** SQL: the latest recorded `done` transition of the task was not made by a
+ * person. A task a person closed (or with no recorded close) is never
+ * reopened for an earlier message. */
+export function taskClosedByAgentSql(companyId: unknown, issueId: unknown) {
+  return sql`coalesce((select closed.actor_type from activity_log closed
+    where closed.company_id = ${companyId} and closed.entity_type = 'issue' and closed.entity_id = ${issueId}::text
+      and closed.action = 'issue.updated'
+      and (closed.details->>'toStatus' = 'done' or closed.details->>'status' = 'done')
+    order by closed.created_at desc limit 1), 'user') <> 'user'`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Record the missing outbox entry for user messages whose wake was lost or
+ * ended without delivering them: one deferred receipt of the user that
+ * carries the undelivered comments. Only the task's assigned agent, and only
+ * live user comments that no completed run received, are saved. Statuses the
+ * caller allows (for example `done`, which the release drain reopens for a
+ * user's message) gate it. Normal admission and the release drain deliver
+ * the receipt once. Returns the receipt id, or null when nothing is owed.
+ */
+export async function saveUndeliveredUserComments(db: Db, input: {
+  companyId: string; issueId: string; agentId: string; commentIds: string[];
+  allowedStatuses: readonly string[]; requestedByActorId?: string | null;
+  source?: string | null; triggerDetail?: string | null;
+  /** Names why the receipt waits and what promotes it. */
+  executionWait?: Record<string, unknown>;
+}): Promise<string | null> {
+  if (input.commentIds.length === 0) return null;
+  return db.transaction(async tx => {
+    const [issue] = await tx.select({ status: issues.status, assigneeAgentId: issues.assigneeAgentId,
+      conversationAgentId: issues.conversationAgentId }).from(issues)
+      .where(and(eq(issues.companyId, input.companyId), eq(issues.id, input.issueId))).for("update");
+    // A reassigned or cancelled task ends the intent; a conversation keeps
+    // its own inbound authorization path.
+    if (!issue || issue.assigneeAgentId !== input.agentId || issue.conversationAgentId ||
+        !input.allowedStatuses.includes(issue.status)) return null;
+    if (issue.status === "done") {
+      const [closed] = await tx.execute<{ byAgent: boolean }>(sql`select ${taskClosedByAgentSql(input.companyId, input.issueId)} as "byAgent"`);
+      if (closed?.byAgent !== true) return null;
+    }
+    const live = await tx.select({ id: issueComments.id, authorUserId: issueComments.authorUserId }).from(issueComments).where(and(
+      eq(issueComments.companyId, input.companyId), eq(issueComments.issueId, input.issueId),
+      inArray(issueComments.id, input.commentIds), isNotNull(issueComments.authorUserId), isNull(issueComments.deletedAt),
+      // A direct human comment: no agent author and no creating run.
+      isNull(issueComments.authorAgentId), isNull(issueComments.createdByRunId)));
+    const delivered = await deliveredQueuedCommentIds(tx as unknown as Db, { companyId: input.companyId,
+      issueId: input.issueId, agentId: input.agentId, commentIds: live.map(row => row.id) });
+    const remaining = input.commentIds.filter(id => live.some(row => row.id === id) && !delivered.has(id));
+    if (remaining.length === 0) return null;
+    const latest = remaining.at(-1)!;
+    await notifyDeferredExecutionWork(tx, { companyId: input.companyId });
+    await notifyDeferredWakesForIssue(tx, { companyId: input.companyId, issueId: input.issueId });
+    const [saved] = await tx.insert(agentWakeupRequests).values({
+      companyId: input.companyId, agentId: input.agentId, source: input.source ?? "automation",
+      triggerDetail: input.triggerDetail ?? "system", reason: "issue_commented", status: "deferred_issue_execution",
+      requestedByActorType: "user",
+      requestedByActorId: input.requestedByActorId ?? live.find(row => row.id === latest)?.authorUserId ?? null,
+      payload: withQueuedCommentIdsInWakePayload({ issueId: input.issueId, mutation: "comment", commentId: latest,
+        ...(input.executionWait ? { executionWait: input.executionWait } : {}),
+        [DEFERRED_WAKE_CONTEXT_KEY]: { issueId: input.issueId, taskId: input.issueId, wakeReason: "issue_commented",
+          source: "issue.comment", wakeCommentIds: remaining, wakeCommentId: latest } }, remaining),
+    }).returning({ id: agentWakeupRequests.id });
+    return saved?.id ?? null;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/server/src/vendor/paperclip-runner/index.ts b/server/src/vendor/paperclip-runner/index.ts
index a48b7da1ed7..38108ec7a08 100644
--- a/server/src/vendor/paperclip-runner/index.ts
+++ b/server/src/vendor/paperclip-runner/index.ts
@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ export const CONFIGURED_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS = runner.CONFIGURED_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS;
 export const GENERATED_RUNTIME_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS = runner.GENERATED_RUNTIME_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS;
 export const configuredEnvironmentProjection = runner.configuredEnvironmentProjection;
 export const configuredEnvironment = runner.configuredEnvironment;
+export const PROVIDER_CREDENTIAL_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS = runner.PROVIDER_CREDENTIAL_ENVIRONMENT_KEYS;
 
 export const probeNativeRunnerEnvironment = runner.probeNativeRunnerEnvironment;
 
diff --git a/tests/restart-chaos/grader.test.ts b/tests/restart-chaos/grader.test.ts
index ec65b2a3e5e..416fc214eb0 100644
--- a/tests/restart-chaos/grader.test.ts
+++ b/tests/restart-chaos/grader.test.ts
@@ -127,6 +127,27 @@ describe("R1–R6 grading on fixture timelines", () => {
     expect(gradeR4(record(afterSuccess)).detail).toMatch(/comment_consumed_twice: c1 by r1,r2/);
   });
 
+  // s9401/t72: the message's run was claimed just before the first run ended,
+  // then cancelled as stale before dispatch; a later run delivered the message.
+  it("passes R4 for a stale continuation cancelled before dispatch whose message a later run delivered once", () => {
+    const samples = [sample(90_000, "done", [
+      run("r1", "succeeded", 1_000, 40_000),
+      run("r2", "cancelled", 30_000, 40_060, { startedAt: iso(39_960), wakeCommentIds: ["c1"],
+        errorCode: "continuation_task_ownership_changed" }),
+      run("r3", "succeeded", 45_000, 80_000, { wakeCommentIds: ["c1"] }),
+    ])];
+    expect(gradeR4(record(samples))).toMatchObject({ verdict: "pass" });
+    // A poll that saw both running (claiming marks running before dispatch)
+    // does not change that.
+    const polled = [sample(39_990, "in_progress", [run("r1", "running", 1_000), run("r2", "running", 30_000, null, { startedAt: iso(39_960) })]),
+      ...samples];
+    expect(gradeR4(record(polled))).toMatchObject({ verdict: "pass" });
+    // Any other cancelled run that overlapped still executed.
+    const executed = [sample(90_000, "done", [run("r1", "succeeded", 1_000, 40_000),
+      run("r2", "cancelled", 30_000, 40_060, { startedAt: iso(39_960), errorCode: "cancelled" })])];
+    expect(gradeR4(record(executed)).detail).toMatch(/concurrent_runs/);
+  });
+
   it("fails R5 on a silent stall longer than three minutes after ready, but not during outages or named waits", () => {
     const idle = (at: number, extra: Partial<TaskSample> = {}) => sample(at, "in_progress", [run("r1", "failed", 1_000, 30_000)], extra);
     const stalled = [idle(60_000), idle(60_000 + STALL_LIMIT_MS / 2), idle(60_000 + STALL_LIMIT_MS + 5_000)];
diff --git a/tests/restart-chaos/grader.ts b/tests/restart-chaos/grader.ts
index 4dd4d2cc109..aaead120c04 100644
--- a/tests/restart-chaos/grader.ts
+++ b/tests/restart-chaos/grader.ts
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ export function gradeR3(record: TaskRecord): RuleResult {
   return { verdict: "pass", detail: "one Retry started a run that completed the task" };
 }
 
+/** Run cancellations decided before adapter dispatch: the run never executed. */
+const PRE_DISPATCH_CANCELLATIONS = new Set(["continuation_task_ownership_changed"]);
+
 /**
  * R4 is about duplicate execution. A queued or scheduled wake waiting behind a
  * running run (for example a follow-up comment, cancelled when the running run
@@ -114,22 +117,32 @@ export function gradeR3(record: TaskRecord): RuleResult {
  * after a successful run is a replay.
  */
 export function gradeR4(record: TaskRecord): RuleResult {
-  for (const sample of reachable(record.samples)) {
-    const running = (sample.runs ?? []).filter(run => run.status === "running");
-    if (running.length > 1) return { verdict: "fail", detail: `concurrent_runs: ${running.map(run => `${run.id}(${run.status})`).join(",")}` };
-  }
   const finalRuns = new Map<string, NonNullable<TaskSample["runs"]>[number]>();
   for (const sample of reachable(record.samples)) for (const run of sample.runs ?? []) finalRuns.set(run.id, run);
+  // Claiming marks a run running before dispatch, so a run that ended as a
+  // pre-dispatch cancellation never executed, whatever a poll saw.
+  const neverExecuted = (id: string) => {
+    const final = finalRuns.get(id);
+    return final?.status === "cancelled" && PRE_DISPATCH_CANCELLATIONS.has(final.errorCode ?? "");
+  };
+  for (const sample of reachable(record.samples)) {
+    const running = (sample.runs ?? []).filter(run => run.status === "running" && !neverExecuted(run.id));
+    if (running.length > 1) return { verdict: "fail", detail: `concurrent_runs: ${running.map(run => `${run.id}(${run.status})`).join(",")}` };
+  }
   const begun = [...finalRuns.values()].filter(run => run.startedAt)
     .sort((a, b) => (ms(a.createdAt) || 0) - (ms(b.createdAt) || 0));
+  // A continuation cancelled as stale before adapter dispatch was claimed but
+  // never executed (chaos s9401/t72), so it cannot overlap another run. Its
+  // message is saved and delivered by a later run, counted once below.
+  const executed = begun.filter(run => !(run.status === "cancelled" && PRE_DISPATCH_CANCELLATIONS.has(run.errorCode ?? "")));
   // Execution windows seen between polls: started → finished (or still going at the last sample).
   const lastAt = Math.max(0, ...reachable(record.samples).map(sample => sample.at));
   const window = (run: (typeof begun)[number]) => ({ start: ms(run.startedAt) || 0,
     end: run.finishedAt ? ms(run.finishedAt) || 0 : ACTIVE_RUN_STATUSES.has(run.status) ? lastAt : ms(run.startedAt) || 0 });
-  for (let index = 0; index < begun.length; index += 1) for (let other = index + 1; other < begun.length; other += 1) {
-    const [a, b] = [window(begun[index]!), window(begun[other]!)];
+  for (let index = 0; index < executed.length; index += 1) for (let other = index + 1; other < executed.length; other += 1) {
+    const [a, b] = [window(executed[index]!), window(executed[other]!)];
     if (a.start < b.end && b.start < a.end) {
-      return { verdict: "fail", detail: `concurrent_runs: ${begun[index]!.id}(${begun[index]!.status}),${begun[other]!.id}(${begun[other]!.status}) executed together` };
+      return { verdict: "fail", detail: `concurrent_runs: ${executed[index]!.id}(${executed[index]!.status}),${executed[other]!.id}(${executed[other]!.status}) executed together` };
     }
   }
   const consumers = new Map<string, typeof begun>();